Leyte Gulf

The engagement of Leyte gulf was known historic bothy as whizz of the most(prenominal) decisive bookings won by the U. S legions in their stress to re come on control of the Filipino Islands during the second world fightf arefare. This was the contest which made it possible for the renowned General Douglas MacArthur to make good on his promise to the Filipino people that he is going to return to extra them from the cruelty of the japanese.The iv-day battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944 marked the eclipse of gallant Nipponese marine power, the last sortie in strength of the purple naval crusades, and the largest naval battle ever fought on the face of the earth.Obviously this armed foeman between the U. S forces and the Nipponese proud army was an offshoot of an steady colossaler state of war the second World War, which was undoubtedly the largest and most slam-bang armed conflict in the history of mankind. It is st unbalanced as of the present, the most destru ctive war that ever took function. The Carnage wrought on this war dwarfs every known casualties the world has ever known when it comes to wars that historically took place. This war utilized technology in all aspects of weaponry and battle tactics.Battles were fought on land, on sea, and in the air for a period of approximately sextuplet years. This great war still continues to rouse the interest of military scholars and historians, as well as bring fresh recollections of the devastation to both the victorious and vanquished forces who fought on that war. The intervention of the Americans in the second world war took place on the month of December 1941. The Japanese succeeded to demolish Pearl Harbor, which was thusly known as the greatest naval base in the Asia peaceable office.The Japanese used stealth and t tallyery to succeed in this deceaseeavor. inwardly hours of the destruction of the linked States Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor, the Japanese forces began their assaul t on the Philippine islands. 5 months later on the month of April 1942, the Fil-American fortress in the Bataan Peninsula fell, and with it the majority of the combined Fil-American forces were captured and incarcerated by the Japanese Imperial army. Two and a half years after the fall of Bataan associate forces began the reconquest of the Philippines with major landings on Leyte.Four months prior to the Leyte landings at the Battle of the Philippine ocean the Japanese Imperial Navy made a desperate attempt to defeat the US pass with postman-borne aircraft. Needless to say, the Japanese army was dealt a major blow when they bewildered nearly 200 of their aircrafts in wizard afternoon and broken nearly 500 flattops and land-based aircrafts in two days. The transcendency of the equipment used by the American forces caused the massacre of the Japanese forces.As a declaration of the destruction of their aircrafts and carriers, which at the start of the peaceful war was the m ost feared of units, and ordinarily at the frontlines of the Japanese offensive, the Japanese airforce amounted to nada to a greater extent unsloped decoys in the Leyte campaign, and the labor movement of making the real attacks on the Allied impingement kick the bucket was of necessity left to the Japanese Imperial armys battleships and heavy prowl car forces, which were still largely intact, and to what land-based support the Japanese army could still muster.II. Strategies mixed in The Battle of Leyte Gulf After the decisive battle of the Philippine sea, the U. S forces were contemplating as to what course of action should be taken. In the end two crews were opposing each other as to what scheme should be employed to regain control over the Philippine islands. One of these faction, was smooth of the Navy, direct by full admirals Nimitz and King, wanted to take Formosa by using the island-hopping strategy.They believe that in order to neutralize the Japanese Army ga rrison by air blockade, they must secure the island of Formosa, this island is located strategically on the seaways from the Dutch East Indies to Japan, and as such would serve as the unadulterated base for the economic strangulation of Japan. The verbalize Island would as well as be nonsuch to serve as base for the impending final attack on Japanese Territory. On the opposing side was General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of the s breakhwesterly Pacific hurls. Surprisingly, He believed that military footings alone should not control the step of the action.It is of common know directge that his stand was in like manner based on governmental considerations. He wanted to regain control of the Philippines because of the following formers The first reason being overturnn was that he wanted to fulfill his promise to the Filipino people that he shall return to release them from the cruelty of the Japanese. The second reason being given is because of his conviction that relea se the Philippines in Japanese workforce would be an irreversible loss of American prestige in Asiatic eyes. In his plea to President Roosevelt, he reiterated that the U.S could not afford to neglect the policy-making implications of its military conceptionning. A return to the Philippines involved a stimulate political dimension that did not apply to Formosa. The Philippine Islands had been a addiction of the United States since 1898, and the inherent politico-military responsibilities arising from that relationship could not be taken lightly. It was on those desktops that General MacArthur and others insisted that the United States had a moral responsibility to liberate the Republic from the cruelty of the Japanese as soon as possible. The faction led by General MacArthur regulartually won give away.The decision as to what course of action would be prioritized was made by President Roosevelt himself. He was convinced by General MacArthur that it is Americas moral obliga tion to liberate the Republics 16 million citizens from harsh Japanese occupation as soon as possible (it is also probable that he did this because of political reasons). As a result, by the summer of 1944, the American forces succeeded in rubbish their way across the Pacific on two lines of attack to reach a point 300 miles southeast of Mindanao, the southernmost island in the Philippines.In the primal Pacific, forces down the stairs full admiral Chester W. Nimitz, commanding the Pacific Fleet and Pacific naval areas, had island-hopped by means of the Gilberts, the Marshalls, and the Carolines. More than 1,000 miles to the south, Allied forces nether General Douglas MacArthur, commanding the sou-west Pacific area, had blocked the Japanese thrust toward Australia, and hence recaptured the Solomons and refreshing wop and m any(prenominal) of its outlying islands, isolating the huge Japanese base at Rabaul. The American invasion was concentrated mainly on Leyte Gulf, in the important Philippines.Earlier plans had called for an invasion of the southern island of Mindanao as the coterminous stepping stone in the sure-fire island-hopping campaign employed to date by the two fleets in the Pacific the tierce Fleet under full admiral Nimitz, and the Seventh Fleet under General MacArthur. But, with the apparent collapse of the Japanese fleet and air power, the plan to invade the central Philippines was advanced two months from December to October of 1944. The Seventh Fleet, under MacArthur would conduct the tangible invasion.It must be noted that there was no overall naval commanding officer during the Leyte campaign, which almost inevitably led to great confusion in the forthcoming battle, and in the event nearly led to a strategic disaster for the Allies. Fortunately for them, it was destined that the allied forces dominate over their adversaries. The War between the United States and Japan was constantly geological fault in momentum. It was noted that during the latter part of 1944, it was befitting apparent to Japan that highly desperate throwaways had to be imposed if they are to stem the wide onslaught of the U.S draws. The strength of Japans archenemy in the Pacific has been growing at a steadily alarming rate, different by far from the forces it had decisively routed during the dangerous bombing of Pearl Harbor and its successful conquest of the Philippine Islands. It is becoming frequent that nearly every time the Japanese Navy came to blows with the United States Navy in a fleet action, the Japanese Navy took a terrible beating. Most of the Japanese navy had been based at Brunei on the island of Borneo, c digest to its oil supply.Unfortunately for them the remnant of the fuel was all but exhausted, leaving them scarce unrefined oil, which could badepose be utilized in their scrap ship boilers. To make matters worse the bloodline vehemence of the Imperial Japanese Navy was all but obliterated, too. After the Battle of the Philippine Sea (a. k. a The Great Marianas Turkey Shoot by American pilots because of the apparent set shooting practice which ensued. The target being Japanese aircraft) Japan lost the majority of her Air force and had only as a remainder, a handful of planes, and even fewer pilots to fly them.Because of this, her carriers were largely useless for any practical duty. Except, perhaps, to serve as decoys to lure away the American forces in minor and major engagements. The Japanese Army knew in their hearts that if they lose or relinquish their hold on the Philippine islands there is a very huge possibility that they may also lose the war. This automatic assessment of what might take place if they lose their foothold on the Philippines spurred them to conduct some desperate counter measures against their enemy.They therefore drew up a plan which risked their remaining surface forces, but offered them a slenderize chance of destroying the American invasion fleet and i solating the Allied shew forces on Leyte. Like many previous Japanese operational plans it cyphered on the use of a decoy force. The Japanese was ready to play its card game to the hilt with the full realization that the ensuing result could either be achievement, or the destruction or incapacitation of the Japanese Navy. Nothing was held back, as there was everything to gain and substantially nothing to lose (since they are losing anyway) .The Japanese knew that If this mission failed, the war would be lost. The plan that was conceptualized was nothing short of brilliant if things turned out as they fuck off calculated. Unfortunately for their cause, an accident saved the day for the U. S forces. The plan was that Admiral Ozawa was to sail in from the North East with his dupe of four aircraft carriers, and the two hybrid battleship-carriers Ise and Hyuga featuring four battleship turrets forward, and small dodging decks aft. But, for this mission, they would carry no aircraft at all, as none were available.Even the large fleet carriers were not carrying a full complement of planes. At this stage of the war, the Japanese have already lost most of their trained pilots which forced them to depend on untrained aircrew to fill up the gaps. The said units were therefore selected along with a dozen ships to play the role of decoy. The decoys were assigned to meander the main American force, with the intent of having two regnant battleships get in and then stealthily attack the American invasion forces in the Leyte Gulf.The southern and weaker of these battleship forces, commanded by Rear Admiral Nishimura, would penetrate through Surigao Strait just south of Leyte. The more powerful of the two battleship forces, the Central top executive under the command of Vice Admiral Kurita, containing five battleships including the giant Yamato and Musashi ( the largest warships in the world ), 10 heavy and 2 light cruisers, and 15 destroyers, would penetrate through San Bernadino Strait, sail down the coast of Samar, and fall on the American invasion fleet from the north-east.The forces which were supposed to counter the Japanese naval maneuvers were led by Admiral William Halsey. Admiral Halsey was a war experient who despised the Japanese with an intensity almost akin to abominate. According to some of his subordinates Halsey was nothing sort of the extraordinary, and is definitely not known to be an intellectual. His leadership was very some(prenominal) successful because he had the talent to choose good staff, who apparently analyzes and decides things that needs to be done, which was done quite often. It was noted that he seldom overruled their suggestions.It was also noted that while he always acts like a true(p) professional and exacts professional performance from all subordinates, he had this charismatic cause on them which was like being touched by a joke wand. Anyone so touched was determined to excel. This characteristic a long with his inherent loathing of the Japanese forces made him a very controversial figure on this armed struggle. This personality of Admiral Halsey explains a lot concerning all of his decisions which could have caused the momentum to shift from the U. S forces to the Japanese forces.As a counter measure against the Japanese, Admiral Halsey legitimate 2 minor fleets to steam north at 25 knots. He ordered the dispatched units to join Shermans Group and attack Ozawa. By midnight the dispatched units, including Admiral Lee in Washington and Admiral Halsey in New Jersey with all their battleships and cruisers, were tearing north. Halsey incorrectly assumed that Kuritas Center Force is not a serious menace. This proved to be costly break as may be gleaned from the engagement which later took place. He ordered Admiral Kinkaid to attack any major enemy naval force nestleing from the north.Unknown to him, they are actually playing to the tune the Japanese forces are playing. Admiral H alsey regarded the Japanese carriers as the main threat which must be annihilated to secure victory for the U. S forces. His strategy was to focus his lead available carrier groups, with all their accompanying vessels in destroying Admiral Ozawas ships. In his eagerness and haste to act on this supposed war strategy, Halsey took no steps to protect Seventh Fleet from the Centre Force. The third Fleet left San Bernadino Strait entirely unguarded. This was a major fluff which could have caused them to lose the battle.It was even said that not so much as a picket destroyer was left. It appears that he also did not take the necessary precautions to safeguard their forces if by chance a blunder was commited. This was evidenced by the fact that he neglected to even inform Kinkaid that the Strait was Not now being covered by the Third Fleet instead the Seventh Fleet commander had to rely on an intercepted signal from Halsey to his task group commanders, which indicated that the Third Fle et commander was going north with the three carrier groups to strike the enemys Northern Forces.It was very fortunate indeed that the Seventh Fleet had intercepted an antecedent radio signal from Halsey which outlined a plan to form tax Force 34 a very powerful surface force built around the Third Fleets fast battleships, this was commanded by Vice Admiral Willis Lee. If this accident did not occur, the casualties on the American side would have been astronomical. When Halseys 2022 contentedness was received, Kinkaid and his staff, assumed that the three groups referred to were the carrier groups of Third Fleet, and that Task Force 34 had been left behind to guard San Bernadino Strait.The funny thing was that Task Force 34 had not yet been formed, and all the ships which it was expected to contain were head word northwards with the American carriers. Meanwhile the Seventh Fleet, unconcerned about any threat from its northern quarter, and feeling fully confident that the Centre Force would be dealt with by Halsey and the Third Fleet, continued with its preparations to meet the Japanese grey Force in Surigao Strait.It was historically recounted that Admiral Ozawa steamed down from the north, presenting what was hoped to be the irresistible targets of Japanese flat tops (including the Zuikaku the last remaining veteran of the Pearl Harbor raid. ) Meanwhile, the surface units of the Japanese Navy would sneak in from the west under the command of Admiral Kurita, and attempt to spring a deadly trap on the Seventh Fleet.A small force consisting of the battleships Fuso and Yamashiro and back up by the heavy cruiser Mogami and four destroyers would sneak through the Surigao Strait, preceded by three more cruisers and four destroyers sailing in from Japanese house waters. But the main force of the attack was to come from another direction. The said units sailed from Brunei, all in all it was a substantial force peaceful of five battleships (including the afore mentioned Yamato and Musashi) twelve cruisers and fifteen destroyers.It was supposed to sneak through San Bernardino Strait, loop around the island of Samar, and smash the Americans through its blind spot. The actual conflict as envisioned by the Japanese would have the fashion and anvil attack which would sandwich the American forces with attacks from both the Northern and gray directions, the Seventh Fleet would have nowhere to run, and nowhere to hide. The impending approach of the Japanese surface vessels was revealed subsequently when the American forces sank two enemy cruisers.The next day, Seventh Fleet units attempted to block the southern approaches to Leyte while Third Fleet aircraft began attacking the main surface task force. The Aircraft units saw the four enemy units which acted as decoys. Admiral Halsey took his Third Fleet carriers and battleships in caustic pursuit of the decoys, which made it possible for the two Japanese surface task forces, to move towards the Leyte Gulf without being harassed by any Air force unit. As expected by the Japanese, the Seventh Fleet battleships sank or turned back units of the little Japanese attack force which acted as decoys.Unbeknownst to them, the second and larger task force, which included the super battleships Yamato and Musashi, successfully move through the San Bernardino Strait, then south along the east coast of Samar Island, northeastern United States of Leyte, to within range of the soft support shipping which was being handled by General MacArthur. This sudden attack by the Japanese forces was due to Admiral Halseys plan to dispose of the Japanese carriers, which he sees as the head word threat to the Leyte campaign.. His dash north, to get to Admiral Ozawas carrier fleet, left the faultfinding passage of San Bernadino uncovered.the battle unfortunately did not go as Halsey had planned. Althouugh his fleet sank the four carriers of Ozawa (which were decoys), it missed the two battleships, and a major part of the check units. Admiral Kuritas Center Force has managed to slip by, and attacked Kinkaids forces which were covering date carrier force Taffy 3. If Kincaid did not accidentally intercept and misinterpreted Admiral Halseys command by escorting General MacArthurs carrier, things would have gone ill for the Philippine conquest and the American cause as a whole.To give credit to Admiral Halsey, he managed to turn his forces around to the aid of Admiral Kinkaids forces, Halsey has sunk four carriers, a super battleship, and several smaller ships. He had lost the Light Carrier Princeton, and jeopardized the invasion beaches. Halsey was responsible for destroying the Japanese fleet, which included carriers but was not restricted to them. Halsey failed to see which force was more dangerous, and paid the price. The casualties suffered by the American forces because of this blunder amounted to 898 dead soldiers and 913 wounded. In addendum to the human casualties the U.S Navy lost six warships. The Japanese lost an estimated 80,000 combat ready troops in their failed defense of Leyte. Their losses at Leyte were heavy, with the army losing four divisions and several separate combat units, while the navy lost 26 major warships and 46 large transports and merchantmen in the campaign. On the first light of 25 October, after two and one half hours of desperate fighting by light U. S. Navy escorts, the Japanese battle fleet mysteriously broke off the engagement and withdrew from the gulf, thereby leaving unexploited the hazard presented by the Third Fleets departure.To the north, the Third Fleet caught up with the Japanese carriers and sank all four of them. These encounters, later known as the Battle of Leyte Gulf, represented the largest naval battle in the Pacific. Americans and Japanese came away from the battle of Leyte Gulf with super divergent views of what had occurred. These different assessments provoked planning revisions which complete ly changed the character and period of the battle for Leyte. The Americans believed they had dealt the IJN a severe blow events later proved them correct.But in the immediate aftermath of the sea battle, Japanese commanders believed they had ruined the American carrier force. In fact, they had sunk only one light and two escort carriers and three destroyers. Nevertheless, convinced that they had won a major naval victory and bolstered by reports of air victories in the ten days before A-day, southerly Army resolved to fight the decisive battle on Leyte. III. certainty The Battle of Leyte Gulf was instrumental in the American conquest of the Philippine Islands. If the U.S forces proceeded to immediately invade the island of Luzon, the casualties might have been heavier considering that the Japanese forces in that region was estimated to number 250,000 troops. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was indeed a decisive battle considering that it was instrumental for the destruction of the once p owerful Japanese Imperial Navy. As a result of devastating blow dealth to the Japanese Navy, it never ventured out again in force to challenge the superior and overwhelmingly powerful American Navy.This battle also introduced the terrifying method used by the Japanese pilots to the western mind, the kamikaze tactic, which undoubtedly revolutionized the concept of patriotism and sacrifice among soldiers. As a whole, the Japanese decision to stake everything on the battle for Leyte only hastened their final collapse as they lacked the ability to coordinate the mass of air, ground and naval forces that they committed to the struggle, which led to the emergence of the U. S as a power to reckon with up to the present times.IV. Bibliography Morrison, S. (1962). The Battle for Leyte Gulf http//www. angelfire. com/fm/odyssey/LEYTE_GULF_Summary_of_the_Battle_. htm James, D. Admiral Halseys Decision http//www. odyssey. dircon. co. uk/Halsey_decision. htm Donovan, R. The Wartime Adventures of President John F. Kennedy http//www. odyssey. dircon. co. uk/Halsey. htm Lanzendorfer, T. Glorious Death The Battle of Leyte Gulf http//www. microworks. net/pacific/battles/leyte_gulf. htm Turkey Trots to Water http//www. battleship.org/html/Articles/ register/Leyte0. htm The Beginning The Battle of Leyte Gulf http//www. battle-of-leyte-gulf. com/blg_synopsis/blg_synopsis. shtml Morison, Samuel E. , History of United States Naval trading operations in World War II, Leyte, Volume XII (1984), Little, Brown and Company, capital of Massachusetts Potter, E. B. , Bull Halsey (1985), Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland Cox, J. , The Battle of Leyte Gulf accident list, Copyright Robert Jon Cox 1996-2001 http//www. bosamar. com/usforces/casualty. html