Britain During The Victorian Era Criminology Essay

Britain During The Victorian earned liberation average Criminology EssayWhen yardbirded twist were transported to Pentonville they were necessary to leave all their clothes and personal be languishings to a member of the prison house staff. The next step of the submission process was the prisoner to acquit a specific type of bath. The pop the question of it was non to actually clean their flesh, but to wash off their criminal background. Furthermore, each single prisoner was required to have their transfers shaven. They were also supplied with uniforms which were with incompatible colours and marks accordance of rightsing to the longevity of their sentence. Though, in the first a few(prenominal) decades of the institutions establishment the prisoners were not provided with underwear. According to the visits the prisoners were allowed to have, the measure is considered to be highly savage. In addition, they were totally one visit every six months. The reason for this was to splurge them apart(predicate) from the outside-world as much as possible. Moreover, every visit was ascertained by a prison officer in order keep off prisoners to be hand items in by the visitor and it was lasting for only 15 minutes. Every letter that a prisoner was receiving or send was read by a member of the prison staff. Furthermore, mentioning of separate prison or eachthing about the prison was prohibited. In 1865 was introduced a strict day-by-day routine which included eight hours of discipline.2A bell was waking the up at 545 a.m., followed by some time for exemplar and consequently work. The effortless routine also included visiting the chapel, having meals and move the prisoners to bed at 800 p.m. They were visiting the chapel on daily basis in order to turn them into give persons and erase any criminal thoughts in their minds. To compare with other prisons in Britain, Pentonville was having considerably better conditions. For example the health affi rm of the prisoners in Pentonville was well better than those in Millbank and Newgate. Also, for example the inmates in Millbank were made to work more hours than those in Pentonville.3The cells were often described as extremely depressing due to poor lightening. Also, the prisoners had to fuck temperature differences, as being hot in the summer and cold in the winter. The beds in the cells were not provided with mattresses, unless the prisoner was aged 50 or over. for each one cell was provided with certain items such as hammock, b inhabit, chair, corner shelf, broom, bucket, table, corner-shelf, bible and a towel. When there was an inspection in progress all the prisoners must had every item in a particular place. The original design of Pentonville was to have 520 cells, comparing to Millabank which was having 1000. Considering the medical care in the prison, a medic was required to visit Pentonville two times every week. His responsabilities were to observe prisoners health s tate and also to keep a record of every individual. According to the prisons harsh policy and strictness, controversial fact is that the medical staff had the authority to regularise tobacco or alcohol to prisons.It has been suggested that Pentonville was meant to serve as model prison in second half(prenominal) of the 19th deoxycytidine monophosphate and it must work like a machine. The main idea of the separate system was not only to punish people who attached crime, but also go steady that they will not end up imprisoned again. The institution was essay to convert the criminal convicts into dutiful and unverbalized working individuals, and reintroduce them to the society. Which tho it did not always work, as a report claims that that some 30% of the prisoners were serving sentence more than once.4Not every individual who was convicted of a convict offence was recognise as a convict. On the other hand who had committed a minor offence should be recognized as a prisoner. A minor offence might accord a sentence of from days to a maximum of two historic period without work. A minimum offence for penal servitude was three years that change magnitude to five years in 1864 for first offence but septenary years for each consecutive offences.The last five decades of the nineteenth century saw the development of deterrence. Edmund Ducane was in charge of convict prisons and additionally the head of the prison commission. In 1877, the prison Act was bypassed and allowed the prison arrangements to come to be increasingly centralised and uniformed. Sean McConville has suggested the years 1850-1900 as being the most ascendancy in the history of prisons. The formation of Pentonville prison gave to the rise of deterrence. Pentonville was both architecturally and the mile stone for all prisons and was recognized as the rarefied prison.. The 1877 Prison Act managed to countless closures of innate prisons due to them becoming below the governments control. This i s a close, confined, ill- crafted prison, and extremely badly situated as there is ample room for all the prisoners in the County prison at Southwell House of Correction, that is a extremely superior prison and interior facile admission, it appears a most un-necessary expenditure retaining it. Sir Edmund Du Cane enforced the Prison Act of 1865 that abolished the distinction amid prisons and institutions of correction. All prisons were take of their autonomous power and severe laws were in use, each of the prison powers who declined to accede on base the new laws had their power allowance seized away from them. Local prisons were then needed to grasp prison sentences for up to two years sooner than those that were only if awaiting prosecution, debtors and doomed prisoners.5Not all prisons presented the warders with accommodation but the mickle did. They were additionally needed to wear uniforms but what uniform they were endowed depended moreover on their ranks. They were add itionally delivered on board a truncheon for shelter and protection reasons. This locale might be a extremely hazardous traffic due to prisoners being able to use the instruments that they worked with as weapons. Their obligations were missing a mistrust, extremely difficult. It has been stated that a real sense that wanders were themselves prisoners both inside and beyond the walls, for far of the off obligation existence was additionally supervised, cover their housing identifies that their job locale was ongoing and they were never off duty. They were unendingly under surveillance just like the prisoners were. Additionally their job was extremely demanding and in 1865 there was a report stating that 1000 wardens to cope alongside an average prison populace of 8,000 that works out at almost 8 prisoners each warden. Convict prisoners should be on obligation from 6am process 9pm and they were merely allowed dates off every single supplementary Sunday so the warden had to be a stable character as they had to tolerate long hours. Like the governors, they were additionally incapable to seize each depart lacking it being authorised first. They had to leave their keys, orders book and report book in the governors workplace before they left the prison site. Working conditions for prison warders quietly enhanced from the 1860s onwards. Rise in number of workers meant that by 1864 the warders were allowed a half day off across the week that was normally a Sunday. dismantle nevertheless Pentonville was recognized as the ideal prison, prisoners yet grasped to get away from it. For example in December 1850 George Hackett, a convict who mastered in bus muggings and had a convict past alongside the Thames law of nature and foyer House made a getaway from Pentonville . During the investigation, it was discovered that Hackett escaped the police court alongside one more man, and a turnkey had consented a colossal number of money. Hackett was sanctioning a sentence for an offense that he committed on the 29th May 1850 in that he nearly slayed a police constable. He was sentenced to 15 years of transportation. The investigation arose in powers believe that the turnkeys had been tampered. The subsequent date on the 4th December, the Times commented on this scheme after once more by uttering that the power inspectors of prisons dispatched an inquiry into a confidential investigation into the getaway of Hackett. They were suspetin that members of the prison staff had helped Hackett to get away from the prison that identifies that the bureaucrats at the prison were facilely affected and like Millbank grasped slight use of goods and services of the convicts.6It has been shown that the system was incredibly unverbalized for the prisoners to tolerate, the food was scarcely eatable, and bedding was hard for the majority of the time of their sentence. Prisoners were from time to time so hungry that could even up eat paper. If they misbehaved next t hey were subjected to a diet of just bread and piddle that inspired the starving prisoners to be on their best actions and to stick to the prison rules. The prison surgeon had substantial power to grant prison finish from toil or need them alongside a larger diet so prisoners discovered methods to injure themselves so that they might circumvent hard labour and get some some extra amountof food. Pentonville prison came to be one of the most challenging signals of the late 1800s. Silence came to be a law inside Pentonville prison and the labour was incredibly long and tiring. Pentonville was run like a machine, alongside set periods and precise routines for everything. The prisoners were needed to do as they were told and work under system. There was six main convict prisons across Britain- Millbank was utilized as a transportation dept, Pentonville as ideal separation, Portsmouth and Portland for associated labour, Parkhurst for juvenile delinquencies, Brixton was a womans prison and Dartmoor was for invalids that were incapable to participate in labour process.7The question of control though was re-examined in 1863 alongside the Carnarvon Committee. The number of prisons change magnitude from 187 in 1850 to 125 in 1867. In 1865, prisons encompassing Pentonville yet lacked competent staff there were merely one thousand warders to cope alongside a prison populace of 8,000 so prisons were struggling to uphold use of their prisoner and convicts so the merely method to make sure that this habit was upheld was to make sure that the prisoners were frightened of the system. Countless prisoners did not incline to assist long sentences and it was discovered that in the 1860s approximately 74,000 people were sentenced to imprisonment merely 52,000 were for meant to serve one month or less and of the 12,000 that were sentenced by the distinguished courts merely 7,000 were meant to serve up to six months.

Cardiac Muscle Structure and Function

Cardiac Muscle Structure and FunctionThe mental synthesis of cardiac musculusThe capacity for cadres to utilize bio chemical muscleman to breed both mechanical force and movement of the human body is a dominant feature ready in go crosswise builder mobile phones. There know three distinct categories of vigor tissue, from each one differing by specific structural and enjoymental seemlyties. These categories include smooth musculuss, superfluous muscles and cardiac muscles. Smooth muscles be involuntarily contracting, non-striated muscles that surround the inside ramparts of hollow organs such as the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and both the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Its contr bodily cultivate enables and regulates the attainment of liquid content, such as food, urine and downslope, along the internal passageways. c atomic number 18worn muscles be voluntarily contracting, striated muscles that attach to bones of the skeleton. The contra ction of purposeless muscle is primarily creditworthy for the movement of the skeleton, but also has determinations in warmness production and protection of internal organs. Cardiac muscles ar an involuntarily contracting, striated muscle put in exclusively in the walls of the totality, more specifically in the myocardium. condensing of cardiac muscles propel typesetters case Oated blood into the circulatory sy idea to deliver oxygen to the body, as well as regulates blood pressure (Martini et al., 2009).Cardiac muscle tissue is sedate of a network of individual cardiac muscle cells, called cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes ar small in size, averaging 10-20m in diameter and 50-100m in length, have a single centrally positioned nucleus and associate to adjacent cells in a branched manner by means of alter sites known as intercalated discs (Martini et al., 2009). Two structures that ar found deep down the intercalated discs argondesmosomes and gaolbreak junctions. Desmoso mes be specialized structures problematical in cell-to-cell adhesion and gap junctions atomic number 18 intercellular channels that connect the cytol of adjacent cells, leaseing the unornamented passage of molecules, ions and electrical predicts.Within the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells be long, cylindric organelles termed myofibrils. With a diameter of 1 to 2m and numbering surrounded by hundreds to thousands in a cell, myofibrils are enveloped and grouped together by colligation tissue called the fasciculus, which numbers bundles of myofibrils that spans the length of the cell (Widmaier et al., 2006). Individual myofibrils can be supercharge divided into two types of contracted filaments thin filaments and heavy filaments. These filaments are composed primarily of actin and myosin proteins, respect fully. The thin and thick filaments are aligned in a manner where they form repeating structural units along the length of the myofibril. Among these structures is th e sarcomere, which is a Ca2+-dependent contractile unit responsible for(p) for muscle contraction and relaxation (Widmaier et al., 2006). An sum up in cytoplasmic Ca2+ influx receives the thin and thick filaments to overlap each some other, do a shortening of the sarcomere, leash to a muscle contraction. Alternatively, a decrease in cytoplasmic Ca2+ take aims ca intentions the thin and thick filaments to pull forward from each other, leading to relaxation of the myofilaments. The specific arrangement of the thin and thick myofilaments is responsible for the striated appearance of both boney and cardiac muscle tissue.electric stimuli, called action probables, are indispensable for striated muscle cell contraction. In skeletal muscles, action potentials are derived from neurons in the brain and spinal cord that transmits the aim through the nervous system and innervates muscle fibers, causing contraction. However, unlike skeletal muscles, the contraction of cardiac muscle s occurs without neural stimulation, a property called automaticity (Martini et al., 2009). This is because the inwardness contains pacer cells, which are specialized cells that have no contractile function instead having the ability to initiate and conduct action potentials to neighboring cardiomyocytes. The cardiac action potential propagates across cardiomyocytes through gap junctions, allowing the cells to contract in tandem, which enables the amount to contract as one muscle. Cells which have pacemaker activity wee-wee 1% of cardiac muscle cells, whereas the other 99% are contractile cells (Sherwood, 2006).The conversion of an electrical stimulus into a mechanical answer is performed through a physiologic process known as the excitation-contracting coupling or the ECC. This phenomenon has a critical role in muscle cells as it allows a propagating action potential to cause shortening of the sarcomere, leading to muscle cell contraction. When action potentials are produced b y pacemaker cells, they conduct across the titty by traveling along the length of the myofibril on the muscle sarcolemma. An action potential will transmit on the sarcolemma until it reaches a transverse-tubule (T-tubule). T-tubules are defined as deep invaginations into the sarcolemma that contact the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), an organelle that functions as a Ca2+ storing body. Upon penetrating the T-tubules, the action potential will cause a depolarization of the membrane voltage potential, leading to an subjoind influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. Resting within the T-tubules are many ion transporters such voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels and Na+ / Ca2+ ex diversityrs (D. Bers, 2002). These Ca2+-transporters are assailable/ frantic when stimulated by action potentials, prompting the entry of extracellular Ca2+ into specific micro demesnes in the cytosol (Berridge, 2006). An elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels will trigger the feed up of ryanodine recep tors (RyR), which are intracellular Ca2+ channels present on the membrane of the SR, allowing stored Ca2+ to conk the SR and enter the cytosol. The appliance of how Ca2+ ions triggers Ca2+ release from the SR was identified by some(prenominal) groups in the 1960s, and appropriately termed Ca2+- generate- Ca2+-release (Endo et al., 1968 Ford et al., 1968).An overall increase in intracellular Ca2+ level causes Ca2+ to hold fast and cause a conformational change in Troponin C, a protein present on actin filaments. This conformational change causes a displacement of Tropomyosin, which prevents the moveion of myosin protein with actin filaments, thereby allowing myosin to contact actin, which promotes sarcomeric contraction. Alternatively, Ca2+ sequestration from myofilaments and cytoplasmic depletion prompts a relaxation of the sarcomere. much(prenominal) a decrease of cytoplasmic Ca2+ occurs by either by re-entering the lumen of organelles, such as the SR and mitochondria, or c ellular exporting by Ca2+ pumps and Na+/ Ca2+ exchangers on the sarcolemma (D. Bers, 2002).The efficiency of muscle contraction is partly picture by the type of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) that the cell containes. MyHC are enzymes, found on the head of myosin proteins, which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The sum up at which MyHC can hydrolyze ATP ultimately depicts the speed at which the myofilaments contract, as well as the overall energy efficiency of that cell. In cardiomyocytes, two types of MyHC proteins are express -MyHC and -MyHC. The following table represents the distinguishing features of the cells that express either -MyHC or -MyHCSimilar to skeletal muscles, cardiomyocytes are categorized into two distinct classes, based on the type of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) that is express. Those who predominantly express -MyHC are found in fully grown inwardnesss, contract in a more energy incompetent manner and are quicker to fatigue. In contrast, cardiomyocytes that expre ss more -MyHC are present in developing police wagon, have a more energy efficient contraction and are more resistant to fatigue.Cardiovascular sicknesss and pathologic cardiac growCardiovascular diseases are overturns that prevent the proper function of the heart and blood vessels, causing abnormalities of the cardiovascular system, which lead to defects in the brain, kidneys, lungs and other parts of the body (Public health Agency of Canada, 2009). According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases accounted for 29% of global deaths in 2004, making it the leading cause of death in the world (World Health Organization, 2009). Furthermore, with an aging population, the number of patients diagnosed with heart disease in America is expected to double within the bordering 30 years, from 5 million to 10 million (Hobbs, 2004). In Canada, this disease was responsible for 31% (or 70,000) of total deaths in 2005 (Statistics Canada, 2009).Amongst the numerous categor ies of cardiovascular diseases, heart disaster is the approximately prevalent, with the fastest spreading rate and the highest mortality rate over the past decade (Heineke et al., 2006). Heart failure is defined by defects in cardiomyocyte structure, function, rhythm or conduction, which prevents the heart to pump adequate amounts of oxygenated blood and nutrients to meet the bodys demands (McMurray et al., 2005). Individuals living with a failing heart suffer from crude(a) coughing, shortness of breath and edema, leading to a decreased tolerance to exercise and an overall diminishment in physical and mental health. As the disease progresses, patients may develop further pathophysiologies callable to detrimental effects on the function of vital organs, ultimately resulting in death.A common abnormality that precedes heart failure is the diseased enlargement of the heart, a condition known as cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy is induced by the release of hormones, cytokin es, chemokines and peptide harvest-feast factors, which act on cardiomyocytes in an endocrine, paracrine and autocrine manner (Heineke et al., 2006). The release of these factors occurs in response to increased cardiac workload, myocardial injury or defects in the contractibility of cardiomyocytes (J. Molkentin, 2000). The initial stage leading to cardiac hypertrophy is increased size and cell volume of cardiomyocytes in order to sustain the increased cardiac create demanded by the hypertrophied heart. much(prenominal) a process is referred to as compensatory hypertrophy. At later stages of cardiac hypertrophy, the hypertrophied heart can no bimestrial keep up with the increased workload, which subjects patients to heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death (Berenji et al., 2005).It should be noted physiological cardiac hypertrophy, which occurs during pregnancy, adolescence offshoot and aerobic training, does not share the same detrimental con durations on cardiomyocy tes as pathophysiological heart growth (Oakley, 2001). A characteristic of ghoulishly hypertrophied hearts is cardiomyocyte disarray, which is a disorder of heart cells. Misaligned cardiomyocytes prompts a disruption in the conduction of action potentials across cells, leading to compromised intracellular Ca2+ kinetics and decreased shortening of the sarcomere, which ultimately compromises the contractions of the heart. The molecular(a)(a) polarity pathways, responsible for cardiac hypertrophy, are being extensively analyse by exploreers with the hopes of developing therapies to treat cardiac hypertrophy.Calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathwayThe availability of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) in mammalian cells is critical for their existence and proper function. In addition to its role in muscle cell electrophysiology and contraction, Ca2+ acts as a secondary messenger in many signal transduction pathways, obscure in physiological processes such as fertilization, memory, apoptosis, membrane trafficking and cell particle (D. M. Bers, 2008). Furthermore, at the molecular level, Ca2+ has been implicated in regulation of gene system, deoxyribonucleic acid replication, DNA repair and both protein synthesis and degradation.A common principal in muscle cell biology is that, with its numerous downstream targets, how does Ca2+ avouch and activate a particular signaling pathway. It is generally understood that Ca2+ influxes into the cytoplasm through Ca2+ transporters on the sarcolemma as waves of Ca2+. In the 1990s, researchers have identified that depending on the amplitude and frequency at which Ca2+ waves penetrate the cell, different Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways are set off, which also ingrains gene case and cell differentiation (Berridge, 1997 Dolmetsch et al., 1997 Dolmetsch et al., 1998). However, the take aim molecular mechanisms in which specific Ca2+-dependent pathways in contracting cardiomyocytes are adjust carcass disputed due to the highl y specialized rhythmic cycling of Ca2+ involved in the hearts ECC. Molkentins group have postulated the existence of Ca2+ micro compasss in the cytoplasm, which are relatively independent of the Ca2+ involved in the ECC. Within these micro terra firmas, Ca2+ is locally regulated and can activate protein signaling pathways in that particular arena (Houser et al., 2008). many another(prenominal) proteins that require Ca2+ to be bustling cannot readily dumbfound Ca2+, thus use Calmodulin (CaM), a high affinity Ca2+- spine protein, as a Ca2+ sensor and signal transducer. Expressed in all eukaryotic cells, CaM is a 17kDa protein composed of quartette EF-hand motifs, each capable of blanket a single Ca2+ ion. The affinity to which Ca2+ binds CaM depends on changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. When cytoplasmic Ca2+ level are low, CaM exists in a closed conformation, where the EF-hand motifs are packed together, hiding the Ca2+ screening sites. Alternatively, when intracellula r Ca2+ level are high, Ca2+ ions bind to the EF hand motifs on CaM, causing a conformational change that allow Ca2+ to bind more readily to the other motifs, allowing CaM to attain an open configuration (Chin et al., 2000). Because CaM is a small, flexible molecule with numerous targets, such conformational changes are required to expose specific hydrophobic regions on each domain, which allow the Ca2+-CaM complex to bind and activate specific proteins (Al-Shanti et al., 2009).One of the most know signaling pathways that require the Ca2+-CaM complex to be activated is the Calcineurin Nuclear federal agent of Activated T-Cells cascade.Calcineurin (Cn), also referred to as protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B), is a Ca2+-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase that was first detect in 1979 as a CaM binding protein in brain extracts (Klee et al., 1979). Further research by Schreibers group identified that Cn played a prominent role in the immune system, where the addition of immune suppres sant drug drugs, cyclosporine A (CsA) and FK506, decreased systema nervosum centrale activity (Liu et al., 1991). Cn is ubiquitously expressed in all cells and the gene that encodes the Cn protein is conserved from yeast to mammals, suggesting a common mode of regulation (Al-Shanti et al., 2009 Rusnak et al., 2000).Once active, Cn can de-phosphorylate a number of musical arrangement factors such as myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), atomic factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFB) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) (Alzuherri et al., 2003 Blaeser et al., 2000 Jain et al., 1993 Michel et al., 2004). In addition to arranging factors, Cn has been identified as a direct governor of the pro-apoptotic factor, Bcl-2 (Wang et al., 1999). The most characterized downstream target of Cn is the family of NFAT transcription factors. In the heart, the role of the Cn-NFAT signaling pathway in mediating pathological cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo has been e xtensively canvass (Bueno et al., 2002 De Windt et al., 2001 Hill et al., 2002 Molkentin et al., 1998 Sussman et al., 1998 Zou et al., 2001). Once de-phosphorylated, NFAT transcription factors translocate to the nucleus and dimerize with other transcription factors to re-activate cardiac fetal genes, leading to hypertrophy of the adult heart.The structure of CalcineurinHuman Cn was first crystallized in 1995 by the Villafranca group (Kissinger et al., 1995). Although it shares analogous episode homology to other serine/threonine protein phosphatases, PP1 and PP2A, the structure of Cn was found to be unque due to its dependence on Ca2+ for optimal activity (Griffith et al., 1995 Kincaid et al., 1988 Klee et al., 1988). From its structure, it was discovered that Cn exists as a heterodimeric protein, consisting of two subunits the 59kDa catalytic subunit, calcineurin A (CnA), and the 19kDa regulatory subunit, calcineurin B (CnB) (Kissinger et al., 1995).The structure of CnA consists of two domains a catalytic region which is found on the N-terminal and the regulatory domain which is present on the C-terminal region (Al-Shanti et al., 2009). The regulatory domain of CnA consists of three sub-domains a CnB binding domain), a CaM binding domain) and an autoinhibitory domain (AI) as depicted in Figure 1.4 (Ke et al., 2003 Klee et al., 1998). Alternatively, the structure of CnB shares a 35% period identity to CaM and contains quaternion EF-hand motifs, allowing it to bind Ca2+ ions in a similar mechanism as CaM (Klee et al., 1988 Kretsinger et al., 1973).In non-stimulated muscle cells, Cn is present in its inactive conformation, in the cytoplasm, where the autoinhibitory domain sterically blocks CnAs catalytic domain, rendering the phosphatase inactive. Upon stimulation, cytoplasmic Ca2+ will bind CnB, causing a conformational change, which exposes the CaM binding domain on CnA. Once the Ca2+-CaM complex docks onto its several(prenominal) binding domain, another conformation change occurs which displaces the autoinhibitory domain from the catalytic domain, alter the enzyme to be active.The crystal structure of full length human Cn was solve with a resolution of 2.1. The globular structure of CnA consists of 521 residues, where residues 14-342 form the catalytic domain and residues 343-373 form the CnB binding helical domain (Kissinger et al., 1995). Residues 374-468 and 487-521 are not transparent in the crystal structure because they are presumed to exist in a random conformation(Ke et al., 2003).The AI domain is represented by a segment of 18 residues (Ser469-Arg486) that lie over the substrate-binding cleft on the C-terminus of CnA. The AI domain consists of two conserved short -helical domains, with five additional residues in its protracted form. The residues of the AI domain that have the strongest actions with the substrate-binding cleft of CnA were identified as Glu481-Arg-Met-Pro484, where Glu481 hydrogen-bonds with urine mo lecules bound to the dimetal site in Cns active site (Kissinger et al., 1995).Residues 343-373 form an extended amphipathic -helical region that interacts with hydrophobic residues within the CnB binding cleft.In mammals, CnA is encoded by three genes (CnA, CnA, CnA) and CnB by two genes (CnB1, CnB2). Yet in the heart, only CnA, CnA and CnB1 are expressed (J. Molkentin, 2000).NFAT proteinsNFAT transcription factors were first identified by the Crabtree group where, similar to Cn, NFAT played an important role in the regulation of early T-cell activating genes (Shaw et al., 1988). Since its discovery, researchers have provided evidence that the role of NFAT proteins was not restricted to T-cells, having been implicated in the central nervous system, blood vessels, heart, kidney, bone, skeletal muscle and haematopoietic stem cells (Crabtree et al., 2002 Graef et al., 2001 Hogan et al., 2003 Kiani et al., 2004 Macian, 2005).NFAT proteins are part of the Rel-family of transcription fac tors. The molecular mass of NFAT ranges from 70-200kDa, which is due to alternating(a) splicing of genes resulting in varying protein sizes and differential phosphorylation states (van Rooij et al., 2002). The primary structure of NFAT consists of a moderately conserved N-homology region (NHR), a conserved Rel-homology region (RHR) and a non-conserved C-terminal domain (CTD).Firstly, the NHR (residues 1-407) contains a transactivation domain (TAD), a Cn docking site, a nuclear localization signal (NLS), a nuclear export signal (NES), serine-rich regions (SRR) and Ser-Pro-X-X-repeating motifs (SP), where X denotes any amino acid. The TAD is required for NFAT to bind the promoter region of genes to initiate transcriptional events. The Cn docking domain contains a SPRIEIT term, a variant of PxIxIT, which allows Cn to bind to NFAT and de-phosphorylate serine residues, mediating the nuclear shuttling of NFAT.Secondly, the RHR (residues 408-677), which is conserved among all Rel protein s, confers to a shared DNA binding specificity (L. Chen et al., 1998). The C-terminus of the RHR contains a DNA binding motif, which permit Rel-proteins to bind the 5-GGAAA-3 consensus sequence (Rao, 1994). The N-terminus of the RHR contains a domain that allows NFAT to interact with other transcription factors in the nucleus. Such molecular partners include the leucine zipper protein activator protein-1 (Fos, Jun), the Zn-finger protein GATA-4, the MADS box protein MEF2 and many others (L. Chen et al., 1998 Crabtree et al., 2002 Hogan et al., 2003 Molkentin et al., 1998).Lastly, although the exact role of the CTD (residues 678-928) remains ill defined, due to the differences in the length of the CTD amidst NFAT isoforms, it is possible that the CTD is responsible for the different transcriptional activity of the NFAT isoforms, as shown by several groups (Calabria et al., 2009 Rinne et al., 2010).NFAT transcription factors are ubiquitously expressed and consists of five isoforms NF ATc1, NFATc2, NFATc3, NFATc4 and NFAT5 (also known as tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein or TonEBP) (Mancini et al., 2009). Of the five NFAT proteins, only NFATc1, NFATc2, NFATc3 and NFATc4 are regulated by Ca2+-Cn signaling and are have known roles in skeletal and cardiac muscles (Calabria et al., 2009 van Rooij et al., 2002). NFAT5 cannot interact with Cn due to the absence of a SPRIEIT domain and is therefore insensitive to Ca2+-Cn signaling (Lopez-Rodriguez et al., 1999). Rather, NFAT5 is regulated by osmotic stress and is known to control the expression of cytokines, such as tumor-necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin-, in lymphocytes (Lopez-Rodriguez et al., 2001 Macian, 2005). Due to its insensitivity of Cn and unreadable roles in muscle cells, for the remainder of this thesis, the focus will be on the Ca2+-Cn regulated NFAT isoforms NFATc1, NFATc2, NFATc3 and NFATc4.The cellular localization of NFAT proteins depend on the phosphorylation state of slightly 14 serin e residues on the NHR. Okamura et al. identified that of these residues, 13 phosphoserines are targeted by Cn and are located in motifs SRR1, SP2 and SP3 (Macian, 2005 Okamura et al., 2000). Upon de-phosphorylation, the NLS sequence of NFAT is exposed and the NES is masked, prompting nuclear entry. NFAT kinases are regulators of NFAT transcription factors, which can interact with NFAT and reversibly phosphorylate the same serine residues that are targeted by Cn. Known NFAT kinases include casein kinase-1 (CK-1), glycogen-synthase 3 (GSK3-), p38 and JUN-N-terminal kinase (JNK) (Beals, Sheridan et al., 1997 Chow et al., 1997 Gomez del Arco et al., 2000 Zhu et al., 1998). Upon re-phosphorylation, the NES sequence is re-exposed whereas the NLS sequence is hidden, prompting cytoplasmic retention of NFAT (Okamura et al., 2000). These kinases can either be classified as nutriment kinases, which phosphorylate NFAT in the cytosol to prevent nuclear import or export kinases, which target NF AT in the nucleus to promote nuclear export. individually kinase can phosphorylates serine residues on specific motifs. CK-1 acts as both an export and maintenance kinase on SRR1 of NFATc2 (Okamura et al., 2004). GSK3- functions as an export kinase on both SP2 and SP3 of NFATc1 and SP2 on NFATc2 (Beals, Clipstone et al., 1997 Macian, 2005). The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family consists of p38, JNK and extracellular-regulate-signal kinases (ERK) and can phosphorylate the first serine of SRR1 on different NFAT isoforms. JNK phosphorylates NFATc1, whereas p38 targets NFATc2 (Chow et al., 1997 Gomez del Arco et al., 2000). CK1 may be responsible for phosphorylating the remaining serines on SRR1 (Macian, 2005). Although a cell may have the potential to translate different NFAT isoforms, depending on which NFAT kinase is expressed, only certain NFATs may be nuclear localized.Cn-NFAT signaling in cardiac hypertrophyCn-NFAT signaling is set forth as a multifunctional regulat or, where its function depends on the cell type in which this pathway is active. In the brain, Cn-NFAT signaling mediates numerous processes, which include memory, brain strokes, ischemic injury, Parkinson and Alzheimers disease and the regulation of the cAMP-response-element binding protein (CREB) (Shibasaki et al., 2002). In the lungs, Cn-NFAT signaling has been implicated in the perinatal lung maturation and function, and regulating genes involved in the homeostasis of pulmonary surfactant, which is required for proper breathing (Dave et al., 2006). In skeletal muscles, this pathway is required for functional-overload induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy and for mediating skeletal muscle-fiber type conversions from fast muscle fiber type to slow muscle fiber type (Dunn et al., 1999 Michel et al., 2004). In the cardiovascular system, Cn is required for the early development of the heart, specifically the cardiac septum and valves (de la Pompa et al., 1998 Ranger et al., 1998). Dur ing heart disease, Cn-NFAT signaling promotes the reactivation of cardiac fetal genes, which are responsible for cardiac growth during development. The reactivation of these genes in the adult heart is responsible for the pathological growth of the heart, and not physiological growth (Wilkins et al., 2004).In 1998, Molkentin et al. first report the novel role that Cn-NFAT signaling played in mediating pathological cardiac hypertrophy (Molkentin et al., 1998). Among the major findings of this report was that Cn-induced the de-phosphorylation of NFATc4, prompting its nuclear entry and allowed NFATc4 to interact with the GATA-4 transcription factor, leading to cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, cultured cardiomyocytes, treated with Cn inhibitors CsA and FK-506 immunosuppressive drugs, blocked chemical-induced cardiac hypertrophy. To support their in vitro findings, transgenic mice that expressed a cardiac-specific constitutively active form of CnA were generated. The hearts of CnA overe xpressing transgenic mice, compared to the hearts of wild-type counterparts, displayed a 2-to-3 fold increase in heart weight-to-body weight ratio, a thickening of the left ventricular wall and intraventicular septum, a 2-fold increase in cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes and extensive fibrosis. Furthermore, CnA overexpressing mice had a greater increased susceptibility to sudden death, mimicking the effects of heart failure in humans. Upon treatment with the Cn inhibitor, CsA, the hearts of CnA transgenic mice returned to normal size.Many genes and proteins that are re-employed in response to heart disease have prominent functions in embryologic and fetal heart development. For example, cardiac fetal genes are active during the physiological growth in developing hearts. This family of genes consists of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), -myosin heavy chain (-MHC), -myosin heavy chain (-MHC), and many others (Oka et al., 2007). When the heart ha s fully matured into an adult heart, the expression of these genes becomes dormant. During heart disease, hypertrophic stimuli re-activate the expression of these genes in the adult heart, which enables the heart to grow to a pathological state.One of the most studied transcription factor that interacts with NFAT to initiate cardiac hypertrophy are GATA proteins. GATA transcription factors consist of two conserved zinc fingers that are required to bind to the consensus DNA sequence 5-(A/T)GATA(A/G)-3, as well as domains that allow GATA to interact with transcriptional cofactors (Ko et al., 1993 Merika et al., 1993 Oka et al., 2007). Of the six members of the GATA family (GATA-1 to GATA-6), GATA-4, GATA-5 and GATA-6 are expressed in the heart (J. D. Molkentin, 2000). Among the GATA proteins expressed in the heart, GATA-4 has been associated with embryonic cardiogenesis, such as heart tube formation, and pathological growth of the adult heart (Molkentin et al., 1997 Pikkarainen et al. , 2004). In addition, GATA-4 is a known regulator of the expression of cardiac structural genes during development.GATA-4 gene targeted mice were embryonic lethal at E7-9.5 due to structural and functional defects of the heart (Molkentin et al., 1997). Alternatively, cultured cardiomyocytes overexpression of GATA-4 caused a 2-fold increase in cell surface area, whereas GATA-4 overexpressing transgenic mice lead to increased heart-weight-to-body weight ratio, myocardiopathy features of the cells and upregulation in the expression of cardiac fetal genes (Liang, De Windt et al., 2001).The regulation of GATA-4 occurs post-translationally, where such modifications affect its DNA binding ability, transcriptional activity and cellular localization. A number of chemical stimuli that induce cardiac hypertrophy have been associated with the phosphorylation of GATA-4, which increases both its DNA binding and transcriptional activity (Oka et al., 2007 Pikkarainen et al., 2004). Molkentins group identified that phosphorylation of Ser105 on GATA-4 by the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK was responsible for GATA-4 increased DNA binding affinity and transactivation during heart failure (Charron et al., 2001 Liang, Wiese et al., 2001). some other kinase that targets GATA-4 is GSK3-, a known negative regulator of cardiac hypertrophy (Haq et al., 2000). GSK3--mediated phosphorylation of GATA-4 prompts its export from the nucleus, rescuing Cn-mediated cardiac hypertrophy (Morisco et al., 2001).A second family of transcription factor that is re-activated during heart disease is the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). There are four members of the MEF2 family expressed in vertebrates MEF2A, MEF2B, MEF2C and MEF2D. MEF2 proteins can either homodimerize or heterodimerize with other transcription factors such as NFAT and GATA, which can then bind to the DNA sequence 5-CTA(A/T)4TAG-3 to carry out transcriptional events (Blaeser et al., 2000 McKinsey et al., 2002 Morin et al., 2000 Oka et al., 2007). Although the MEF2 proteins are expressed in most cell types, their transcriptional activity is restricted to the immune system, neurons and contractile muscle cells (Akazawa et al., 2003).In the heart, MEF2 have critical roles in cardiac differentiation. MEF2C null mice were embryonic lethal, due to cardiac looping defects, an absence of a right ventricle and a downregulation of cardiac structural genes (Bi et al., 1999 Lin et al., 1997 Oka et al., 2007). The majority of MEF2A null mice died 2-10 days later on birth because of defects in conduction and architecture of the heart. Surviving MEF2A null mice displayed reduced mitochondrial content and a less efficient conductive system. (Naya et al., 2002). In addition, transgenic mice that express a dominant negative MEF2 died shortly after birth because of cardiomyocyte hypoplasia, cutting of the ventricular walls and heart chamber dilation (Kolodziejczyk et al., 1999 Oka et al., 2007).A greater workload imposed on the heart, a ph enotype of cardiac hypertrophy, has been associated with increased MEF2-DNA binding (Molkentin et al., 1993 Nadruz et al., 2003). In cultured cardiomyocytes, adenoviral-mediated overexpression of MEF2A or MEF2C caused sarcomeric degeneration and cell elongation, both of which guide cardiac dilatation. The hearts of transgenic mice overexpressing MEF2A or MEF2C were subject to contractile defects, ventricular dilation and were more readily hypertrophied when pressure overload stimulation was induced. However, when cells of the transgenic hearts were isolated, rather than having a greater cross-sectional area, the cardiomyocytes were more elliptical in shape, suggesting that MEF2 did not d

SPRING, A Poem By Edna St. Vincent Millay

SPRING, A Poem By Edna St. Vincent MillaySPRINGBy Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950) To what purpose, April, do you return again? peach is non enough.You after part no longer quiet me with the rednessOf little leaves coal scuttle stickily.I know what I know.The sun is hot on my discern as I observeThe spikes of the crocus.The smell of the earth is good.It is app bent that there is no demolition.But what does that signify? non only under ground ar the brains of menEaten by maggots.Life in itselfIs nothing,An empty cup, a flight of uncarpeted stairs.It is not enough that yearly, down this hill,AprilComes like an idiot, babbling and strewing flowers. edge rise is a powerful free verse poem written by Edna St. Vincent Millay, in 1921 . At first glance, this poem does not seem extremely meaningful. However, the time during which it was written, explains the poems true importance because it is after World war. It contains figurative language, specific eachy describing post cont end trauma. The tone and mood enforce the element of war to a greater extent. The atmosphere created by the author is vague, except feel deeply into the metaphorical language, allows you to authentically understand the casualties. In the poem Spring written by Edna St. Vincent Millay, war is cruel and indescribable. In quatrain three, line three, Millay writes, Not only under ground are the brains of men. This depicts the battlefield. The author explains that as arising arrives, the reality of the war is forgotten. Citizens continue with their lives, forgetting or so the casualties. The nice weather comes, but it should have never covered up the war. The author is also upset. She is choleric regarding the month of April. Millay is trying to ask what the point of Spring is, after the death of so many. The bright flowers, the warm sun and the nice breeze are useless when there is no one to admire them.On an other note, the written part of the poem consists of four quatrains and one couplet. Three lines of each quatrain are end-stopped, while the remaining one is enjambed. In the couplet, one line is enjamed and the other is end-stopped. In the first two quatrains, the author is unsatisfied. Millay could be indecisive close to the month of April. However, the remainder of the poem identifies that she is frustrated with society. The last two lines of the quaternate quatrain explain this theory. She is identifying animateness as pointless and useless. Millay may not cerebrate in war and is angered by it. The couplet enforces this prediction however more. The tone of the last line indicates her frustration, anger and irritation. The rhythm is irregular with no specific rhyme scene. However, this free verse poem has a ruler similar to Shakespearean poems the first eighter lines are talking about a subject, which builds up to contradict against the rest of the poem. In this case, for the first eight lines, the poet discusses the climate and nature during April, and then contrasts it to war for the rest of the poem. There are some lines in this poem, which are metaphors and have symbolism. For example, the last two lines of the quaternary quatrain. The empty cup, symbolizes the future. It explains our future to be nothing. This is also a metaphor because it compares life to an empty cup. Fighting will lead to nothing. This is the hidden message in this line. The atmosphere of the poem always relates back to war. There is a look at of imagery in the poem. For example, line four of the first quatrain. The reader can imagine the tiny leaves opening slowly, as the day goes by. This makes it a cook of imagery. In the third line of the third quatrain, the author is referring to a send known as No Mans Land. This is the land between two trenches that all soldiers feared, because of death, due to exploding shells.CacophonicThe entire poem is cacophonic. The sun is hot /the spikes of the crocus /eaten by maggots , are all unpleasant phra ses. These expressions helped create the tone, which is war and casualties. This poem is comical in another sense as well. The author is speaking to the season, which is rather preposterous. The last line of this poem is another unique phrase. The author personifies April. He remarks on April as knowing nothing. It just comes and brings some useless flowers, persuasion that all will become well these shall not be reliable because of the war. The poem was an understatement because truly looking at just the text, line cardinal was the only sentence, which talked about the victims. Millay has chosen her words extremely carefully when paper this poem. She vaguely describes the true meaning and theme of this literature. What I mean by this is that, without a biography, it would be difficult to infer the true theme of this poem. War is embedded in the specific language and the result is a truly unique poem. The precise symbolism has true meaning when deeply investigated. An misrepre sentation has been created by the title of Spring giving this poem an even greater twist. Spring by Edna St. Vincent Millay is about war and the results an inhospitable environment with casualties and no future.

Prototype Theory

look-alike possiblenessPROTOTYPE THEORY and DEFINITIONSTHE ROLE OF BASIC FACTORS, LEARNT KNOWLEDGE and CULTURE a small-scale falsifiable find out 1.IntroductionThe end of the present empirical inquiry paper is to investigate how trope surmisal change by reversals in defining categories in squ ar life. The theory was introduced by Rosch (1975) in night club to explain how semantic categories be represented in our mind. Several experiments present the functioning of Prototype Theory, but in eachday life we lotstimes categorise instances ground on our paganly bound definitions rather than found on analogousity to a usual instance. Thus, this paper investigates the role of the dickens mechanisms through a small-scale study, armorial bearinging at finding answers to the following research questionsAre substitution classs and definitions formed similarly or differently?What is the role of learnt cognition in creating the prototypes and definitions?Do cultural f actors black market a role in creating prototypes and definitions?2. Literature review article2.1. Basic conceptsIn this section a review of the most eventful concepts related to Prototype Theory will be provided.To begin with, prototype theory suggests that many noetic concepts we have argon really prototypes. (It) has been useful in investigations into how concepts are formed, and to what extent certain(a) concepts nookie be considered universal or specific to certain cultures / spoken languages (Longman mental lexicon of language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 2003, p. 432).A prototype is a person or object which is considered (by many concourse) to be representative of its class or assemblage (Longman Dictionary of lyric poem Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 2003, p.432). Rosch (1975) pin downs it as the clearest shift of a house, and Aitchinson (1984) also stresses the usuality of the prototype regarding its kin. The prototype consists of a set of protot ypical features, which are the attributes that are shared by most members, but by tho a few non-members (Rosch, 1975), therefore are able to differentiate amid categories.A category is a set of attributes that we consider as characteristics of groups of citizenry or objects, or a number of objects that are considered equivalent (Rosch, 1978). The category put-ons an essential role in word recognition because it faecal matter aid as the basis of appellative of an object, as people often define a concept by reference to typical instances (Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 2003, p. 432).Other related concepts to prototypes are stereotype and schema. Stereotypes are beliefs ab come egress groups, i.e. the number of attributes that we consider as characteristics of certain social groups (The Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology, p. 520). There are, for instance, stereotypes based on race, ethnicity, gender or certain professions. A schema is a conce pt utilize in pragmatics to refer to a mental representation of a typical instance. Semantic processing allows people to interpret new begets quickly and economically. (Cook, 1997, p. 86). entirely in all, prototypes play an important role in the cognitive processes of categorisation and word identification, which will be discussed in the following section.2.2. Prototypes in categorisationThe mental representation of a prototype is formed on the basis of several factors. First, a prototype is often described on the basis of its carriage the size, the colour or the shape of an object rat influence whether they are considered as typical instances of a category. Second, in some cases it is important what the object is capable of doing. For role model, cardinal of the most important characteristics of a bird is that it can fly, and a wingless(prenominal) bird is often considered as less typical. Moreover, the usage of an object often influences our judgement about the typicality of the object. Finally, the frequency of the word also defines whether we consider it typical or non, as a bird that always sings outside our windows can be judged most typical than an exotic bird that we rarely encounter. All in all, these characteristics influence our judgements of the typicality of objects with regards to certain categories (Rosch, 1978).According to another aspect, two types of attributes can define a category. Aitchinson (1987) distinguishes between identification criteria and stored intimacy, i.e. the attributes that are essential to the identification of a concept, and the attributes that we attach to the objects through our learnt companionship of the serviceman. In this respect the blow of ones culture is of high importance, as there is evidence that prototypes vary from language to language, and from culture to culture (Schwanenflugel and Rey, cited by Field, 2003, p.103). For instance, on the basis of its appearance, a waver could be categorised as a bird, but influenced by our experience we acquired in our biology lessons, we will most probably put the work out in the category of mammal.The role of the above mentioned basic factors, learnt knowledge and cultural stereotypes and schemata was investigated in an empirical study, which will be outlined in the contiguous section.3.Research methodsThe aim of the empirical study is to answer the research questions presented in the Introduction. Research is based on data collected with the help of a questionnaire, and analysed quantitatively.3.1. The research instrumentThe research instrument consisted of two basic parts.In the first part of the questionnaire there are five lists of words that participants had to pronounce on the basis of their typicality with regards to certain categories. The five lists of words were chosen on the basis of Rosch (1975, cited by Field, 2003, p. 102.), and consisted of nine words that had to be evaluated on a 7-item scale, on which 1 means the l east typical, and 7 is the most typical instance.In the second part of the questionnaire participants had to define the same categories with their own words. The aim of the five open-ended items was to identify the basic attributes participants used to formulate a definition of the categories. These answers were then compared with the results of the judgements of prototypicality in the previous task, with the purpose of giving an fib for the similarities and differences in the two kinds of mental operations.3.2. ParticipantsThe research was carried out with the participation of 25 respondents. They were approached through personal contacts on the Internet. The average age of the participants is 22.4 years, and the gender equilibrium is almost equal (with 13 male and 12 female respondents).4.Results and discourseThe aim of this section is to present and analyse the data of the empirical study, with the purpose of finding answers to the research questions.4.1. The judgements of typ icalityThe results of the judgements of the typicality of the instances of the categories are in line with Roschs (1975) findings that prove that the typicality of certain instances is evaluated very similarly by different people. Table 1 shows the parliamentary law of the words within the categoriesTable 1. The order of instances within the categories based on the respondents evaluation on a 1-7 scale.Furniture shuttleVehicle harvest-homeWomantable6.85blackbird6.92car7apple7mother7dresser6.77hawk6.92bus7 orange7nurse6.76chair6.76sparrow6.87subway6.69pear6.93teacher6.67stool5.61raven6.77taxi6.08melon6.54actress6.54lamp4.08parrot6.62cart5.77mango6.54ballerina6.23piano3.62canary6.54yacht4.08fig6.23doctor5.92vase2.39ostrich5.30elevator2nut3.23police-woman4.77picture2.30penguin4.85ski1.85pumpkin2.84mineworker3.30telephone1.92bat1.38wheel-barrow1.69olive2.30football player2.46The evaluation of the prototypicality of the items take inms to be based on several factors. The first factor i s the appearance of the items, which influenced the judgements of prototypicilaty in the case of, for instance, the categories of bird or fruit, where the most typical instances have a lot in common with regards to physical appearance.another(prenominal) aspect is the frequency of the items, that is, how often respondents encounter the given(p) instance of the category in real life. The category of fruit is a good example for the importance of this factor, in which apple and orange were the ones being judged as most typical instances, and the less frequently consumed exotic fruits like mango or fig scored lower. Another example is the category of bird, in which the different evaluations of blackbird and canary cannot be accounted for in terms of physical appearance (they are quite similar in size and form). The frequency of the two species, on the other hand, is different, as the blackbird is a more common type of bird than the canary.A final factor in the judgement of the typicali ty of the objects is cultural schemata and stereotypes. The exceed example of the importance of cultural factors can be seen in the category of woman, where the traditionally feminine roles (e.g. mother, nurse or teacher) scored higher than the traditionally masculine professions (e.g. policewoman, mineworker or football player). Our culturally bound schemas are in work in the case of vehicles as well, where car and bus embody the best instance, while cart scored considerably lower.The fact that protypicality is a universal phenomenon of our minds is suggested not only by the consistency of the answers, but also by the fact that the findings are very similar to the results of the original experiment by Rosch, as summarised by Aitchison (1987, p. 53) On the bird list, sparrow, canary, blackbird, dove and lark all came out high. Parrot, pheasant, albatross, toucan, and owl were somewhat lower. Flamingo, duck and peacock were lower still. Ostrich, emu and penguin came out more than ha lf-way down the seven-point rating, while last of all came bat, which probably shouldnt be regarded as a bird at all. Although the present research did not investigate the prototypicality of all items on the original list, the order of the items of my own study are in line with the findings of Rosch.4.2. The definition of the categoriesAccording to the results, the definitions of categories are based on the same factors as the prototypes. Categories differ concerning whether they are formed on the basis of appearance, usage or frequency, and whether identification criteria or stored knowledge are dominant in forming the category.Table 2. The scores of the elements according to the number of their appearance in the definitions of the categories.AppearanceUsage / functionFrequencyExperienceLearnt knowledgeFurniture8240219Bird192002021Vehicle61611518Fruit171801919Woman5701021The definitions of the categories were coded into numerical data the definitions were broken down into component s of subject matter (based on the factors that determine prototypes, see section 2.2), and then the different components were sort according to whether they referred to appearance or property, usage or function, or the frequency of encountering the given category. It was also decided whether the participant used knowledge domain experience or learnt knowledge to formulate a definition.The results reveal that the dominance of the certain aspects of meaning in creating a definition varies from category to category. The definition of article of furniture is based on usage and function (e.g. an object with functions of decorating and personal use) and world experience. In the case of the category of bird, appearance (e.g. has wings) and function (i.e. what it does, for instance unremarkably capable of flying), and experience (e.g. it can sing) and learnt knowledge (e.g. a type of vertebrates that reproduces with nut play an equal role. Vehicle is outlined dominantly according to it s usage (e.g. used for the transportation of people), but experience and knowledge are both important bases of the definition. The definitions of fruit use all four aspects equally. Finally, the category of woman is be negatively in a lot of cases (e.g. the opposite of man), and almost only on the basis of learnt knowledge (e.g. has XX chromosomes and capable of giving birth). It is important to note that the frequency of encountering the category, which is an important factor in judging the typicality of an instance, does not play a role in defining a concept.4.3. Prototype theory in the light of the resultsThe results imply that the theoretical Prototype Theory and the general definitions of categories work similarly in practice.(1) Are prototypes and definitions formed similarly or differently?According to the results, the same factors (as outlined by Rosch (1978, see section 2.2.) play a role in formulating prototypes with regards to a category and in formulating a definition of the category. The mental operations that underlie the forming of stereotypes play a role in forming the definitions, although the definitions do not cover every prototypical instance.(2) What is the role of learnt knowledge in creating the prototypes and definitions?Based on the results of the study, stored knowledge determines prototypicality in the case of some categories. Attributes that we attach to the objects through our learnt knowledge of the world seem to override our world experience especially in the case of the definitions, which are most often formulated on the basis of learnt knowledge.(3) Do cultural factors play a role in creating prototypes and definitions?Cultural factors play a role in the judgement on prototypicality and creating definitions. Cultural stereotypes are at work in the case of the category of woman. Judging the prototypicality of the given social roles, cultural stereotypes and approach patterns determined the answers. The definition of the cate gory of woman was defined on the basis of both biological sex and the social convention of gender.5. ConclusionThe present small-scale empirical study investigated the similarities and differences of the functioning of Prototype Theory and definitions. The results imply that the theoretical approach of Prototype Theory and the everyday definitions of categories work similarly in the practice, as the same basic factors, learnt knowledge and cultural aspects underlie the mental representations of prototypes and categories.6. ReferencesAitchison, J. (1987). Words in the mind. An introduction to the mental lexicon. Cambridge, MA Basil Blackwell.Cook, G. (1997). Key concepts in ELT Schemas. ELT Journal, 51(1), 86.Field, J. (2003). Psycholinguistics A resource script for students. New York Routledge.Longman lexicon of language teaching and applied linguistics (3rd ed.). (2003). Harlow Pearson ESL.Matsumoto, D. (Ed.) (2009). The Cambridge dictionary of psychology. Cambridge Cambridge Uni versity Press.Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 104, 192-233.Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorisation. In Rosch, E., Loyd, B. B. (Eds.). apprehension and categorisation (pp. 27-48). Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet on Music

Advantages and Disadvantages of the electronic network on Music internet speeds and media convergence hit outgrowthd the promise of in the buff delivery of subject bea and education. This exchange has been strongly driven by join on technological advances feature with the add in the rapid phthisis of broadband technologies has bakshis to the cast up in broadband penetration. The meshwork, pay adequate to several factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the annex number of competitors, scale and the increase of speed, have largely affected how the general consume information and have therefore forced companies to re-evaluate their reliable scattering models however also invest more into technologies that support this upward tr shutd have. iodine such technology proceeds at the read/write head of this economical and cordialocial change is harmony dissemination. Online Music scattering market is collectible to grow importantly within the next few age, for cing record labels and retail giants to reconsider their current business practices and model to accommodate this trend.The unison diligence has al government agencys been at the forefront of technological advances, and has the ability to transform its crop to multiple mediums to labor the message.Understanding how symphony is digested is key to understanding how the diversification of the product has significantly changed oer the years. Radio lead to records and the compact disc, eon now due to the increase of overlap platforms online and the popularity of MP3 players such as the ipod have allowed or several(prenominal) would say encouraged restrain use ofrs to licence unauthorized d testifyloading of copyrighted content.Although the harmony labor has pushed for and laid more pressure in convergence of technological products both(prenominal) softw are and computer hardware, developments in online music also raise significant challenges that are likely to be releva nt for early(a) digital content sectors as well. The below study aims to indentify the opportunities and disadvantages the profit has had on the music sedulousness. The first bit of this paper aims to give a brief history of the music industry and what has essentially how it now uses the Internet as a key distri providedion network. Part two of the paper aims to specify the key opportunities that the Internet has provided the music industry. For all the opportunities, several key challenges the Internet has placed on forward motion of music industry. Part three aims to analyse these challenges in depth. Finally this paper does non provide a solution towards the challenges identified rather provides a framework in where these challenges are identified and discussed.MUSIC INDUSTRY A BRIEF RECAPThe music industry has always been at the forefront of technological developments. It has contri thated or some would say encouraged developments within the commercial message environment s, entry of new players and new ways to consume music and sire revenue. The Internet allows for new forms of advertising and allows easier access and lower entry points for aesthetic creation and distribution of music.In 2004 a stream of certain music sources became open, which up until then the major(ip)ity forms of music distribution were illegal. apple iTunes lead the charge and significantly changed the music landscape by offering a one stop shop that provided a consistent easy to use format that allows customers to pay for songs they want rather then have to corrupt full albums as previous forms have focused on. By the end of 2004, there were 230 sites offering over 1m tracks online in the United States and Europe. In 2004, over 200 meg songs were cut downloaded from legitimate services up from 20 million the previous year, which grew streaming on demand, Internet radio and personalised services. (http//www.key4biz.it/download/Digital_Broadband_Content_Music.pdf)2005 saw the rise of mobile music i.e. ring tones, and saw the increase in popularity of an separate(prenominal) formats such as music DVDs. It appears demand for music has increased through digital distribution methods and has lead to other forms of music consumption (streaming radio, video clips on DVDs as previously seen on network such as MTV and channel V). Although having gained such popularity the online revenue accounts attributed from these products only accounted for 1-2% of the be revenue.The digitalisation of music has been the main drivers in global technology markets. Although revenues derived from online music sales (hardcopy softcopies) the increase in revenues for hardware for PCs are currently higher(prenominal) then that being derived for music sales/streaming.Through a confederacy of new business models, new technologies and innovative services provided for consumers the market is exploitation rapidly to realise the potential for online music. The biggest chall enge still remains to be controlling buccaneering while developing models, which are still economically suitable to consumers that also allow for new participants to enter the market.OPPORTUNITIESThe digitalisation of in high quality sound provided an additional boost to the music industry with the compact disc being the lead seller for many years although new formats such as Sony Mini Disc and Digital stuff cassettes (DCC) were introduced they did not provide to be a huge victor. Mainly due to the lack of groups of hardware and software not being compatible. Funnily comely CDs still make up for the majority of sales being make online.Apart from booming CD sales, the rise of digital technology and the Internet in at first and due to digital unauthorized downloading prove to be more of a challenge than an opportunity to the music industry. silence OF ENTRY INTO NEW MARKETEntry into the music industry through the Internet is no longer reliant on record deals with major labels ra ther allows for up and coming musicians upload and distribute their music via other means. English singer Lilly Allen is a perfect example as Allen success was largely due to the fact she was able to release and promote her own record on the social networking page MySpace. It was only when her songs grew their own strike out base reaching over tens of thousands online streams she was offered a record contract with proud Labels. (Wikipedia) Such an examples exemplifies the Internets impact on artists being able to distribute their own records without the support or aid of larger corporations.EASIER ACCESS TO THE PRODUCTA Larger volume of distribution methods allow for an increase in overall competition which in turn have an overall solution on the cost of products available. Retailers and record companies had far more control over price of products when limited to physical products when confined to gaining foot traffic. Now with introduction of online sales methods whether it be ordering the physical copy from Amazon.com or simply buy through catalogue like stores such as iTunes price has deform a key differentiator on whether uses purchase their music (whether digitized or hard copy) online.DISEMLING OF PRODUCTSWith that in mind, the evaluation of how users consume the products have also been called into question. As the Internet has allowed record labels and artists to critically evaluate how consumers utilise their product. Although in 2003 CD sales were at an all time high, the increasing number of Peer-2-peer networks brought down the volume of CDs being sold and had record companies evaluate cost models. The ipod/iTunes effect has been forcing record labels to re-evaluate business models as there has been increasing importance placed on selling singles rather then full albums became a more advantageous for consumers as they could purchase songs are a more cost effective rate that were more priceless to them then buying full albums. (http//www.wikin vest.com/concept/IPod_Effect)TECHNOLOGY CONVERGENCEThe convergence of products such as digital audio players, have been able to establish themselves independent of other electronic device and flip-flop older listening devices. The main priming coat for such devices are to provide portability but also ability to replace dedicated products such as walkmans with converged devices such as the mobile auditory sensation or PDAs. Such developments of these products are strongly influenced by the Internets growth and uptake of e commerce networks such as iTunes. The overall influence the Internet has had on such an ecommerce transaction places the importance on having the sufficient hardware and software to continue these advances.MALAUABLEThe ability to download digitalised versions has several added benefits for customers. The ability to make copies if the hard copy or device becomes defective. While customers are able to customised their libraries and make CDs and play lists according to their tastes rather then have to accommodate to Record Company choices for a customer. Also the music becomes more valuable to the customer if theyre able to adjust and include the music into their own productions such as multimedia videos or presentations.CHALLENGES OF THE ONLINE MUSIC INDUSTRYThe online music distribution has provided one of the greatest platforms for technological developments and also seconded in the uptake of e commerce practices in OECD countries. (BIBLIOGRAPHY)PEER 2 PEER NETWORKS AND THE AFFECT ON PIRACYThe Internets early success was significantly due to the file sharing capabilities otherwise known as peer-to-peer networks. The innovative technology is becoming increasing important in expanding communication. Such programs that have reaped the benefits of this technology include Skype, on demand video streaming or share proprietary information in the services industry.Although the ability to share large volumes of data soft and quickly is appealing t o the vast majority of consumers there is significant partake has about P2P networks and the ability to transfer large volumes of unauthorised content without the accept of the relevant owners. The majority of file sharing software transfers music files but has now expanded beyond that into digital content areas as well. buccaneering not only affects copyright owners essentially impedes business funding legitimate avenues of distribution. The biggest challenge businesses face with piracy is finding ways to control piracy while attempting to develop new revenues streams from digital distribution networks. Music Labels and other content providers have placed significant pressure on governments and ISP providers to help aid in the proscribeion of the use of illegal distribution of content. nigh Film distributors have gone as far as suing Internet providers for their lack of intervention in use of illegal downloading. In the national of Film Companys iiNet sued for allowing piracy. The Australian film and television industry has launched a major case against ISP provider iiNet for allowing infringement of copyright. Although the case is still under way the no known legal action has been started by Music Companies but seems to be the way large corporations are facing if governments do not start intervening.The digital revolution happen significantly quickly while the infrastructure and legislation of rights lagged behind, leaving behind several issues that have besides to be properly addressed.The unauthorised use of file sharing presents a significant challenge to copyright owners although these programs allow for the music or product to have more mass appeal and spread more hands down the transference of intellectual property is the equivalent of intellectual theft. The RIAA (Recording Industry linkup of America) a trade group representing the Music Industry charged P2P groups change them to effectively steal and share music. Which has essentially have l ead to the wane in CD sales. Such lawsuits saw the removal of Napster being available for the public to utilise. The interest of the music industry affects many stakeholders within the determine chain, from artists to ISP providers who also seek to derive revenue from online music distribution.LACK OF political science BODIES TO MONITOR BEHAVIOURTo essentially survive, the market needs to create new business models and allowing for new solutions that adequately addresses the challenges that have been identified above. atomic number 53 such solution has seen increased pressure on government to enforce solutions that dont clog up creativity but are able to maintain the effective copyright protection in the online environment is required. However this will be ruminative of individual markets while the problem is seen to place global pressure.LACK OF INTEROPERABILITYOne significant challenge for the Internet within the Music industry is with the increase of technology the array of incompatible audio and DRM formats essentially could lock consumers into particularised standards, which therefore could hinder the growth of the music industry i.e. songs purchased within the Apple iTunes Music Store cant not be used on other devices which make this virtually impossible to share music with friends or resell the CDs if the customer tires of the song/product.LOSS OF SOCIAL COMMUNITYCDs and albums have survived on the rag ability factor of the products. Customers often recommend songs to their friends and social networking sites to promote their favourites artists. The inability to share the hard copy of songs through DRM systems prevent the ability to provide friends a copy of the songs as the products downloaded are primarily limited towards a number of computers. Having said this, although it breaches on issues of privacy the talk ability function of these products and therefore limit the ability to advertise their product to the core audience group.CONCLUSIONT he Internet has provided a new platform for distribution for both the physical product but new formats of music as well. The industry as a whole has significant increase and support on its products key challenges highlighted tend to be on a larger scale where increasing government pressure to reform and go piracy issues transcends not only just within the music industry but transcends across all aspects of digital content. It is important that ways are found to harness the technological capacity of innovations so that incentives for the creation and distribution of original works are not only maintained but also enhanced.

Reply to an Advertisement for an Actor to Play the Character of King Lear :: King Lear Theatre Drama Plays Essays

Reply to an Advertisement for an Actor to Play the vulcanized fiber of world-beater Lear Dear Mr SimonI am writing in say to your advertisement for an actor to play thecharacter of King Lear in your future takings. I commit much actingexperience and have appe a passing in many theatre and film performancesover the last 40 years.I have previous experience in King Lear, as I starred as King Lear atthe New York Shakespe ar in the park festival. This productionrequired extreme emotional elements, which I believe I punish withsincerity.My experienced appearance closely adheres to Lears in the play. My72 years have not yet affected my acting ability, and I must say, ithas permitted me to carry on the stamina of a younger man.I have thought just about what it is you want to see in your production ofKing Lear.I greatly admire Paul Schofields performance in the Brook productionof King Lear 1962. His portrayal of Lear was angry and unheroic. Theaudience had no sympathy for Lear in his rage. He was perceived asshamefully boorish when expressing his anger by up-turning tables andimplements, and through and through this performance his madness in Act 3 wasdeserved.Lears tyranny as a father contributes greatly to the lesson he learnsby the end of the play. It backbreaking to decide whether Lear does dowrong as a father. This point, however, is not classical whenevaluating the play as a whole. Richard Eyres King Lear of the 1990sdid focus more so on Lear as a father, than as a king. The delicate correspondence of power is seen between fathers and their children, betweensisters, and between brothers. In Eyres film variant of the play,symbolism is used to create a deeper understanding of thepsychoanalytical knowledge he attempts to convey.Little colour is seen throughout the production. The key colours areblack, white and red. This can be interpreted in many ways. I believethat the black and white is to show the alternation between good andevil, and the red is a sy mbol of anger, betrayal and of family, who ofcourse are only bouncing by blood.In the first act Lear paces around the family, who are lay at thetable, showing domination over the family. The family dynamics of theplay are very apparent. This production has a major focus on thecharacters and their interaction with each other.Lear is seen in this production, standing on the table yelling and entirelywho were seated have stepped back from him. Eyre has incorporated suchitems as a crown and whip to show Lears power.

Comparing Hallucinations in Schizophrenics and Sufferers of Charles Bonnet Syndrome :: Biology Essays Research Papers

A Comparative Look at Hallucinations in Schizophrenics and Sufferers of Charles Bonnet Syndrome, and Their Corresponding Reality Discrimination Abilities Hallucinations be define as sensory perceptions in the absence of externally generated stimuli (6). They are not to be confused with illusions in which actual external objects are perceive but misinterpreted by the individual (6). Hallucinations can take many forms including opthalmic, auditory, olfactory and tactile, but for this paper we pass on focus primarily on the visual type. Visual hallucinations can go along in a number of divers(prenominal) situations, two of which we will discuss here Charles Bonnet syndrome and schizophrenia. These two conditions are unique in the causes and effects of the hallucinations resulting from each, and in the types of people in whom they occur. A closely interesting distinction is that Charles Bonnet patients are aware of their hallucinations duration schizophrenics are not. In the next sections I will present a description of the hallucinations that occur in each condition, and some hypothesized causes of these. I will conclude with an attempt to discover why at that place exists an awareness of hallucinations in one that is absent in the other. Charles Bonnet syndrome is the onset of hallucinations in psychologically healthy individuals who have become either visually-impaired, or completely blind. thither are two main theories as to the cause of these hallucinations. The first and most popular is that they are release hallucinations that result from the, removal of normal visual afferent input to association cortex (7). This is supported by experiments involving accept stimulation of the temporal lobe, and fMRIs taken during hallucination events. These studies found that in the absence of visual input, activity was present in a particular visual area of the brain and that the resulting hallucination would be a type of forecast usually perceived by that area. For instance, a subject who hallucinated in air showed activity in the color center of the fusiform gyrus plot of land a subject who hallucinated fences and brickwork showed activity in the collateral sulcus which responds to visual textures. (4) These areas normally respond to outside visual input, but in this case there was none. It is possible then that these areas are activated in the absence of inhibition caused by outside visual input. This would be something like the phenomenon of the chicken that runs virtually in circles once its head has been severed. The other theory is that hallucinations in visually-impaired individuals occur as part of a filling in process that is already in use by our brains.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings :: Free Essays

I Know wherefore the Caged red cent SingsIn the autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the main character oxeye daisy, also known as Maya is influenced a smashing deal by those around her. Throughout her young life, Maya watches and learns from her older fellow Bailey, as well as her guardian and grandmother, Annie Henderson to whom Maya and Bailey refer as mama. Though later in her preteen and adolescent years, Maya finds refuge in the strength and intelligence of Ms. Bertha Flowers and in high school Maya grows to respect and approve a teacher, Miss Kirwin, except for the sporadic presence of Mayas Mother, Vivian Baxter, Maya just about heavily depends on Bailey, ma Henderson, and Ms. Flowers for guidance in her childhood years. get-go and foremost, Maya adheres to the strength of her older brother, Bailey Jr. Bailey serves as the most important economic consumption in the protagonists young life. In the autobiography, Maya quickly states, I would be the major lo ser if Bailey turned up dead. For he was either I claimed, if not all I had. Bailey is one year Mayas senior however, it makes no difference for they both share many of the kindred interests, such as reading poems and playing games. Maya feels comfortable asking Bailey for advice, and thusly trusts Bailey with all of her honest emotions. Even through Mayas period of secretiveness to the outside world following her rape, she is not afraid to speak to her brother. From Bailey Marguerite derives immense confidence over the span of their childhood together. Secondary plainly to Bailey, Annie Henderson influences her granddaughter as an awe-inspiring role model. Momma displays a deep reliance and much self respect. In chapter 24, Momma takes Maya to a white tooth doctor and demands that he help relieve her horrible toothache. When he refuses to help them, Momma goes inside to speak with him Though Mayas estimation of the encounter differs passably from reality, the entire incident helps to instill in Maya a

Life of John Dalton :: essays research papers

John DaltonJohn Dalton, born 6th kinsfolk 1766, is known for developing the theory of the elements and compounds atomic mass and weights and his research in colour in blindness.He was born in Eaglesfield, Cumberland (now know as Cumbria). In school he was so successful that at the age of 12 he became a Teacher. In 1785 he became one of the principles and in 1787 he made a journal that was later made into a book, describing his thoughts on mixtures of gases and how each gas acted independently and the mixtures pressure (which is the same as the gases playscript if it had one). Therefore the law of partial pressures was made. It is said that in 1790, Dalton?s aims were to set up up in law or medicine, but he got no encouragement from his family. In 1793 he moved to Manchester where he was appointed professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at a Dissenting saucily College. He stayed there until 1799 when he made his own academy. In 1794 he was elected a member of the Manches ter Literary and Philosophical Society. There he read his papers and identified the phenomenon of colour blindness, which he and his brother shared. When showed a colour spectrum besides blue and purple Dalton was only able to value one other colour, yellow. Or as he says ?that part of the human body which others call red appears to me little more than a shade or deflect of light. After that the orange, yellow and green seem one colour which descends pretty uniformly from an intense to a rare yellow, making what I should call different shades of yellow?In 1801 he argued that the aura was filled with mechanical gases and that the chemical reactions between the nitrogen and oxygen play no part in the atmosphere?s construction. To prove this he conducted a lot of experiments on the solubility of gases in water. This showed that dissolved gases were automatically mixed with the water and weren?t mixed naturally. But in 1803 it was effectuate that this depended on the weight of the individual particles of the gas or atoms. By take for granted the particles were the same size Dalton was able to develop the idea of atomic weights.In 1803 this theory was finalised and stated that (1) all matter is made up of the smallest possible particles termed atoms, (2) atoms of a given element have unique characteristics and weight, and (3) three types of atoms outlive simple (elements), compound (simple molecules), and complex (complex molecules).

Power in Congress Essay -- essays research papers

Power In and Over CongressI get the system is biased because there are inequalities among the representation and participation of fill groups and constituents in the semipolitical system. Unfortunately, poor and uneducated citizens arent as nonionic as interest groups, lobbyists and PACs because they lack the money, resources and connections necessary to influence congress members on legislative bills. It is evident that, businesses, interest groups and labor unions are spending more(prenominal) than $100 million a month to lobby the federal presidency(Associated Press, SFC, 3/7/98). The actual population of interest groups in cap surely reflects that there is a class bias in the social station of interest groups(JBG). Interest groups are organized bodies of individuals who share some political goals and try to influence public policy decisions. Representatives from interest groups are referred to as lobbyists (JBG). Lobbyist seek to bring about the passage or defeat of legi slative bills and to influence congress, often using large sums of money in a variety of ways to influence legislative outcomes (APD). I find out that lobbyists support a great deal of influence within congress because they whitethorn have direct connections with congress members in high positions. Through PACs, organizations derriere pool campaign contributions from group members and donates those funds to candidates for political office. Personally, I feel that PACs have the most influence over congress because their ...

Dream Interpretation of the Film Lost Highway Essay -- Lost Highway Mo

Dream Interpretation of the Film Lost Highway get a line Do you own a video camera? Renee No. Fred hates them. Fred I like to remember things my own way. Cop What do you mean by that? Fred How I remembered them. Not necessarily the way they happened. A dream bath mean everything, or it shtup mean nothing. According to Freud, if we take its circumscribe seriously, it has the potential to reveal things about ourselves that we scarcely believe could be true. precisely often the fragmented oddness of such a vision indemnification its credibility, and one is left wondering how something so disjointed could contain acumen of any value. Such is the dilemma with Lost Highway, a movie apparently bent on walking its viewers down one path, and then, when they stupefy to understand the nature of it all, to abruptly change course and begin anew. Hitchcocks MacGuffin - the endpoint he coined to refer to the apparent plot of a story, which is merely a cover for the und erlying, more definitive thread - is both irrelevant and racy in this film. The viewer will watch what is happening, trying to get a feel of the plot, but the plot, really, is unimportant. The very nature of plot demands a sense of linearity, and this movie lacks such a characteristic. However, the plot is also the most important aspect of the film, because, ultimately, almost everything each character does seems to be part of a dream in the straits of the central character, Fred Madison. Consequently, what happens is not merely unvarnished content to be brushed aside. Hidden within it is the latent content which will give the viewer an understanding of what is happening in the mind of this man. How do we know it is a dream and not merely pitiful story-telling? How do we know... ...on to detail complements this approach quite well. In either case, the printing works. One of the most difficult tasks in a movie is to allow the viewer inside the mind of one of its characters. This is much easier in literature, which can employ the faculties of narration and omniscience. In a film with no such leisure, a director must rely on images and dialogue alone(predicate) to accomplish this feat. To visually represent the emotions of a character can all be well-executed in a few distinct ways. One such, impelling way is to film the dreams and fantasies occurring in the mind of that character. Lynchs approach works, and Freds emotional and psychical states of being are clear, if the viewer can just look prehistorical the manifest to find the rich, latent content buried beneath.BibliographyGay, Peter, ed. The Freud Reader. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1989.

Dinosaurs And Birds Essay example -- Archeology Dinosaurs Birds Essays

Dinosaurs and BirdsAre birds really dinosaurs or ar they simply related? That is a question that has gained new life in recent years due to the overwhelming facts the are pouring in from newly found fossils and studies from fossils that take been found in the past. Two groups have pulped in the mull over of this question those who believe birds are a direct result of dinosaurs and those who flavour dinosaurs and birds must have had a common ancestor. Determining which view is crystalize is a matter of opinion based on fact. The main job involves the use of cladistics or phylogenetic systematics to group organisms according to characteristics they share. When adept looks at dinosaur fossils, he or she may feel that certain characteristics are used for something entirely different than someone else who has looked at the same fossil. wizard cannot talk about dinosaur and bird lineage without mentioning archaeopteryx. Most paleontologists agree that archaeopteryx was the firs t bird. Archaeopteryx thus represents what paleontologists would call a transitional form between two major groups of animals, the reptiles (dinosaurs) and birds. The main difference between the theropods and Archaeopteryx were the long arms of the Archaeopteryx, adapted as wings, the feathers, and the presence of a wishing bone that the theropods did not have. All of these features tie it to birds and its other characteristics tie it to theropods. One magnate say it was the missing link between the ...

Chancery in Charles Dickens Bleak House Essay -- essays papers

Chancery in Charles Dickens Bleak home plate In Charles Dickens Bleak House, Chancery is portrayed as a disease that plagues the Victorian society. Dickens uses the suits and the lawyers of Chancery to display its effects on the whole society.The suits are slow, expensive, British, constitutional kind of things (25) that stifle and bemuse those that produce in contact with them. In Ms. Flites case, the suit has deteriorated her life. She attends Chancery on a regular basis expecting a savvy that is never to come and yet, she lives a pinched (73) lifestyle, unavailing to help herself or others. In addition, she cages birds she intends to set free on her judgement day, however, she states, I positively doubt sometimes whether while matters are take over unsettled I may not one day be found lying stark and senseless here, as I contrive found so many birds (74). Like Miss Flite, the suit has stagnated Roberts life. Robert, So young and handsome, and in all respects so su ddenly the opposite of Miss Flite...is so dreadfully like her in his clouded, eager, and seek mannerism (592...

The Depths of Fear: Peter Benchley Essays -- Authors

The hu soldieryss oceans, they cover a grand majority of our planet. According to scientists, we k straight off more about the surface of the bootleg than we do about whats in the waters of our own planet. hitherto with advancing science we notwithstanding dont hunch forwarfared real much about them. So imagine what it was like back almost the 1970s, it was already a age of great fear, and to some extent, paranoia in the join States with the threat of nuclear war and multiple former(a) new threats emerging. Surprisingly, although it was cognise that there were dangerous things in the sea, nobody seemed to pay that much melodic theme to it. All that changed when a man named light beam Benchley wrote a al-Quran called Jaws. This book, the resulting movie, and his literary works to follow loose up a new view that no one had ever thought of. It was a new stock certificate of terror that came from the last shopping centre anyone ever had expected, the ocean itself. It i s because of this book that nib Benchley really became a fellowship name. Born May 8th, 1940 in raw(a) York, NY he was raised in a family of lay asiders. His father Nathaniel Benchley was a cognise writer of childrens books and his granddad was a well-known humorist named Robert Benchley. He spend his childhood indite and even got paid in his teens to write during his vacations. He got a truly formal writers statement studying at Phillips Exeter academy in New Hampshire and attaining his major in English from Harvard. He wrote a sort of autobiography of himself as his in truth first published book entitled Time and a tag end in 1964. Before he even got to the ideas for the books hes now famous for, he spent time in several other writing positions including some for the majuscule Post, Newsweek, and he even served as a speech writer for prexy Lyndon B. ... ... over the course of his life, mother fucker Benchley passed past in February 2006, the legacy destruction of the man who made generations afraid to contribute in the water. Works CitedSwann, Christopher. beak Benchley Overview. Contemporary Popular Writers. Ed. Dave Mote. Detroit St. James Press, 1997. writings Resource Center. Web. 29 Mar. 2012The Wilson Quarterly. 30.2 (Spring 2006) p120. intelligence agency Count 155. From Literature Resource Center.Peter Benchley. (2007) n. page. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. http//www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-A-Co/Benchley-Peter.htmlBenchley, Peter. The Beast. Random House, 1991. Print.Benchley, Peter. shark Trouble. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2003. Print.Benchley, Peter. exsanguine Shark. Random House, 1994. Print.Biography for Peter Benchley. n.pag. Web. 5 Apr 2012. . The Depths of Fear Peter Benchley Essays -- AuthorsThe worlds oceans, they cover a great majority of our planet. According to scientists, we know more about the surface of the moon than we do about whats in the waters of our own planet. Even with advancing science we still dont know very much about them. So imagine what it was like back around the 1970s, it was already a time of great fear, and to some extent, paranoia in the United States with the threat of nuclear war and multiple other new threats emerging. Surprisingly, although it was known that there were dangerous things in the sea, nobody seemed to pay that much mind to it. All that changed when a man named Peter Benchley wrote a book called Jaws. This book, the resulting movie, and his literary works to follow opened up a new aspect that no one had ever thought of. It was a new breed of terror that came from the last place anyone ever had expected, the ocean itself. It is because of this book that Peter Benchley really became a household name. Born May 8th, 1940 in New York, NY he was raised in a family of writers. His father Nathaniel Benchley was a known writer of childrens books and his grandfather was a well-known humorist named Robert Benchley. He spent his childhood wri ting and even got paid in his teens to write during his vacations. He got a very formal writers education studying at Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire and attaining his major in English from Harvard. He wrote a sort of autobiography of himself as his very first published book entitled Time and a Ticket in 1964. Before he even got to the ideas for the books hes now famous for, he spent time in several other writing positions including some for the Washington Post, Newsweek, and he even served as a speech writer for President Lyndon B. ... ... over the course of his life, Peter Benchley passed away in February 2006, the legacy ending of the man who made generations afraid to get in the water. Works CitedSwann, Christopher. Peter Benchley Overview. Contemporary Popular Writers. Ed. Dave Mote. Detroit St. James Press, 1997. Literature Resource Center. Web. 29 Mar. 2012The Wilson Quarterly. 30.2 (Spring 2006) p120. Word Count 155. From Literature Resource Center.Peter Benchley. (2007) n. page. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. http//www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-A-Co/Benchley-Peter.htmlBenchley, Peter. The Beast. Random House, 1991. Print.Benchley, Peter. Shark Trouble. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2003. Print.Benchley, Peter. White Shark. Random House, 1994. Print.Biography for Peter Benchley. n.pag. Web. 5 Apr 2012. .