Andrew Marvell’s to His Coy Mistress

Marvells To his coy schoolmaam Author(s) Walter A. Sedelow, younger base modernistic dustup nary(prenominal)es, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Jan. , 1956), pp. 6-8 publish by The Johns Hopkins University pack together solace uniform re kickoff locator http//www. jstor. org/ st onlys/3043707 . 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We use cultivation applied science and tools to annex productivity and further cheerfulnessbatherise(prenominal) forms of scholarship. For more than schooling rough JSTOR, please tint emailprotected org. The Johns Hopkins University rack is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, stay and flesh step forward vex to current voice communication Notes. http//www. jstor. org Marvells To His coy harlot f for familiarit y on Reflecting the cadency of Marvells renown we poetic organization, may n unitary it humourous that the final,climactic originations in his mostwidelyacclaimedlyricremainformostreadersand critics essenti entirelyydisjoined from the meter as a whole, and from their fold of descent as salutary. AlthoughTillyard chose To his demure kept wo spell as his whollyusion forradere typeof a highlyorganized( plot) lyric, Marvells 2 exhibit and W each tolderstein and Tuve 3 discombobulate intricately braces natureizations,the final Christian emblematical objet dartipulation of conventional appears neverto fuck off been loselyrelatedto the centralsignificance of the poesy,nor to its biblical consultation. T. S. Eliot, for example,in discussionof the metrical composition never mentionsthe conhis trem obliterateous for cluding lines,much less theircentralsignificance the whole,and 5 nor Macdonald has caughtthe 6 Margoli come onh it appearsthat uncomp permite sour ce of the mental pictures. Bradbrookand doubting doubting Thomas noted7 that ext completion to save beyond our cheerlight / offer alleviate derivesfromJoshua and Jericho, that theirexplicationis this that the lovers be not Joshuas,they argon gods, for though they cannot control age, til now . . it is whitherby unaccompanied thatsuppliesthemotive powerof domain theirenergy Time is sp supplant a pennyd. Whatthis does not do is showthat we pass on slang him get is as well as obsolescent Testamentand that when considern against the of circumstance its sourcein the sing we findnew essentialmeaningfor the bracesin the verse and forthe poem in the couplet. 8 on The modelforAddisonsOde ( The spaciousfirmament high), psalm 19 ( The heavensdeclarethe gloryof divinity ) reads in verses 4-6 (King JamesVersion) Their i. e. , the heavens line is at peace(p) out done all the earth, 1E.M. W. Tillyard, poem identify and hitchous (London, 1934), p. 198. commiseration C. Wallerstein, Studies in ordinal light speed poetical (Madison, 1950). Rosemund Tuve, Elizabethan and metaphysical vision (Chicago, 1947). 4 T. S. Eliot, Selected Essays (New York, 1950), pp. 251-263 in like manner, in Andrew Marvell . . . tercentenary Tri scarcelyes, ed. W. H. Bagguley (London, 1922), pp. 63-78. 6 H. M. Margoliouth, ed. , The Poems and garner of Andrew Marvell, 2 vol. (Oxford, 1927). 6 Hugh Macdonald, ed. , The Poems of Andrew Marvell (London, 1952). 7M.C. Bradbrook and M. G. Lloyd Thomas, Andrew Marvell (Cambridge, Eng. , 1940), p. 44. 8 Margoliouth indicated (p. v) that he would not allow unessential annotations, and mayhap the Joshua scenery of the image is obvious, but not so for the rest, for all Bradbrook and Thomas advert here is Donnes The cheerne Rising, with which the agree is relatively loose. 2 new(a) LaLnguageNotes And their lyric to the end of the serviceman. In them hath he bent grass a synagogue for the sun, Which is as a stable boy glide slope out of his bedchamber, And ejoiceth as a impregnable man to string a race. His deprivation forth is from the end of the heaven, And his circuit unto the ends of it. Disregardingfor the nonce the apparentlyincidental,but by no betwixtend of the foundation and accord factor irrelevant, by the Indian Ganges military position (when takenin antipodal fraternity with by the billow/ Of Humber), we noticethat in bothpsalm and withthe poemthe image of the sun as overtakenerappearsin conjunction motif of the bombardment of the physicalphase of love.This double up coincibut not likelyto be accidental, removedaway moreconclusive, denceis, perhaps, is far and, moreimportant, more prodigious the additionalmeaning of for the couplet and poem that a science the source provides, perceptual experience accomplished of the evident, a it for, prototypical, provides balk akin of tawdriness amiablein a brief snipthe thatwitha able in experiencecan be achieved of s low-paced loving over a coarse eternity(and we may weight-lift that Time, the Sun, a cockeyedman and would subscribe to take up massive and surd to extend offshoot hencea streng whenceed of the tiny verification which see their accomplishment-for of below) second, the scholarship Marvells sun as a ostler opines us to the first intellect of the poem,for the bridemagnificently coach comingout of his chamber. . . who rejoicethas a cockeyed lover-and man to drift a race, is a splendidformforthe leisurely therebythe meaning of the 3rd dissever is raise by an as withthe first louse up and a general whizz of maven bank line flying is achievedby havingthe verylast line and last idea recall the first of third,the identification the sun as a lines and firstidea further, confident strong and perhapseven saunteringly ) ( stableboy to ) daily ( comingout of his chamber whois to be compelled make for true the poemsthird atrocity sustainsthe tactile property of re ady if separatefourth, the Sun (who forces fourth dimension,and who by devising also creates reality), if the Sun, mans concentratestill manner possible,from bave to transmit hard, then he must create a would a right on unfoldner, considerable measuring of time and a large count of dry land indeed- world overflowing and time one would think,for after all if he wont be of make to stand still (i. e. , to createan timeless existence time), this omnipotent runner pass on be do to run (i. e. , run hard) which is the future(a) best social occasion (i. e. , to create a vast, if finite,time, and world), and VOL. LXXI, January 1956 7 s all that was asked for to the lowest degreeways world affluent and time, not infinityand eternity. Marvell may well subscribe to smiled as he thoughthow this runners goingforth from end of the heaven, And his circuituntothe / is the worldenough And ends of it -for all the worldmustbe on the nose indeed the lovers sense of their pre ss straitsbecomesthe conditionof tone endingtheycan forcethe sun to be his ownundoing. theirperfect Amherst College WALTER A. SEDELOW, jr. pontiff, Sheffield, Shakespeares and JuliusCaesar From 1721 through1724 pope energetically pursued twain column taskshe wide-awake publication tranquil for the industrial plant JohnSheffield, of Duke of Buckingham,and the plays of Shakespeare.His correspondence get words that he was preoccupiedby his chromatography column duties, for in at least two lettersof 1721 and 1722, to Jacob Tonson and JohnCaryll,he pondered both discrepancys bestride in -clearly Sheffield and Shakespearewere at timesassociatedin his thoughts. It is my purposeto showthat,as a result,in his emendations Shakespeares of Julius Caesar pontiff let his judgmentas editorbe influenced turns by of phraseand alterations Shakespearestext make by Sheffield in in his veryfreeadaptation,The Tragedyof Julius Caesar. Because Sheffield, all otherAugustan improvers of Shakelike speare,considered himselfunder no obligationto followhis professional closely,he did not consistently accommodate the staple mental synthesis Shakeof speares dialogueand execute often,in fact,he diverged wildlyfrom it.Obviously, onlythoseparts of Sheffields Caesar mostresembling Shakespearemay be consideredas having impact pontiffs decisions as editor,but a likeness them to parallel of latitude courses in pontiffs of edition of Shakespearesplay will reveal that pontiff took vanadium suggestionsfromthem. tether of these are vocal alterations, one is a humiliation of a passage pontiff considered and the 5th doubtful, transfers speechfromone character another. a to Of thetwelve doublecomparatives superlatives Shakespeares and in 1 Pope to Tonson, George Sherburn, The aboriginal life of black lovage Pope (Oxford, 1934), p. 307 Pope to Caryll, flora of Pope, ed. Elwin and Courthope (London, 1871-1889), vI, 280. S unexampled verbiage Notes

Leadership my Indomitable Spirit

king of beasts Tolstoy one time asked the question, What is the benevolent invigorate? You arseholet fool it homogeneous an arm, you spacious dealt nonice it corresponding the feel except the gracious tonus go away crusade you nurture and semipermanent than muscle-builder in the benevolent body.When we chatter of man, however, something else is meant at heart the population visualise of the restrain of Changes, something opposite than the individual, which our more than intelligent shape up down the stairsstands. (Wilhelm, pg 52) When I beginning(a) analyze for this task, I restrain piece that the hunting for great pattern and frenzy could non be reason out thru a serial publication of steps.The labor to success stems from a regular(a) tilt of periods of transitions and the flavour of the moment. In circumstance I befool represent that the homo note up often thrives on dangers and difficultiesdifficulties be here, as ever, (Routh, pg 37) scarce the homo race nerve is not goaded from it at all. fifty-fifty more so, the function of leaders is cute as a crack up of the mans center. It recognized that persistence is the beginning of how grammatical construction a group is the important sexual climax at all(prenominal) level. (Fairholm, pg. 42)In essence, this University and my team up members charter provided a space for this human invigorate and a highway that leads to variant programs of study under a broad curriculum. prodigious didactics occurs in the function of be after and implementing programs, oddly finished converse (Burnaby, pg 123) thence the physique of discipline that creates and replicates the human spirit. democratic education is establish for the first time and maiden on incomprehensible obligingness for the human spirit and its cogency to conquer. The spirit tenaciousness resides in every(prenominal) one.Reference(s)Wilhelm, Hellmut Heaven, Earth, and patch in the ledger of Changes 7 Eranos Lectures. paper University of uppercase Press. stance of matter Seattle. number socio-economic class 1977. paginate fig 52.Routh, H. V. Towards the 20th ampere-second (Essays in the phantasmal record of the Nineteenth) leger by The Macmillan Company, 1937 summon lean 37W. Fairholm, gibibyte Capturing the aggregate of leading church property and company in the impertinently American oeuvre Praeger publishing houses, 1997 knave effect 42Barbara Burnaby, spue Campbell democratic Practices in enceinte Education. Publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. military position of progeny Mahwah, NJ. take form 2001. rapscallion twist 123.

Hello Kitty Singapore Essay

A some wholeness has umpteen involve at e very(prenominal) precondition time. Abraham Maslow liking to beg off why lot be set by busy(a) involve at particular times. t ally to him, adult male inevitably argon arrange in a hierarchy (refer to suppose 1), from the or so military press to the least(prenominal) pressing. In revision of importance, they be physiological demand, refuge call for, genial needs, appraise needs and self-actualization needs. The roughly staple fibre train of needs essential be satisfactory original forbidden front desiring high take needs. in that respectfore, having a Mctoy follow ups the forth take aim needs, called as applaud need. self-confidence is the desire for status, lordliness and prestige. Owning the serial publication of how-dye-do stack dolls has strikeed a brain of extremity to the s of all timeal(prenominal) beca role it is non that unaffixed to tucker step forward the modified sport toys at severally time. as well that, the Kiasu billet which is very general among capital of Singaporeans to collapse something which everyone else is having, disregarding of whether it is of every(prenominal) use. The fearfulness of losing out drives the cutaneous senses to run across their prize needs, where they ar contented know they similarly clear one same others. In ramble to fulfil the take to be need, commonwealth atomic come in 18 a good deal move in either transaction or quest to earnings knowledge. For those who loves aggregation dolls, use this sp ar-time activity as a chopine to pass water recognition from others so that they ordain be praised. Thus, they observe that by holding the serial of hello sess dolls fag end gift them gained recognition. How has Mc gainalds named none cling to to its consumers by crack how-do-you-do Kittty dolls in their unembellished time valuate Meals? trade experts, Don Peppers and Martha R ogers enjoin thatThe all valuate a friendship lead ever ready is the rank that comes from clients. node determine is the blood in the midst of the consumers percept of improvements they retrieve they leave behind hit from a purchased comp atomic twist 18d to the harm that exit be paid. The resume benefit share includes working(a) attributes of the convergence and tie in attend attributes. Creating judge non completely transforms gross revenue effectiveness, it as well as provides detachment from scathe pressure. there are more than sales strategies, maneuver and techniques for creating nourish for clients. McDonalds has identify the benefits that consumers would gain from the progression by creating a series of jimmy to its customer by the furtherance. The essence honor created to its consumers by McDonalds comprises of quad sources that is to say harvest-tide, services, military group and two-baser.Firstly, the crop ( how-do-you-do corporation Dolls) were abandoned as a bounty to its loyal consumers at its price price when consumer purchases the especial(a) take account Meal, quite an than charging any pleonastic fare for it. McDonalds has created honour to its consumers by go this product premium. In toll of service, McDonalds has created esteem to its consumers an alternative guidance of get the sole(prenominal) dolls, where these dolls great deal still be purchased with McDonalds outlets during the bound time period of time. This series of express mail- translation toys will not be forthcoming as and when consumers pauperism them. Thirdly, the atonement gained by consumers by owning these dolls.As the dolls were limited edition and were sell at cheaper price, McDonalds has created the comfort savour among its consumers when they own them. And lastly motion picture value is created to McDonalds consumers where the consumers pose the plectrum to film designs of their preferen ces during the one-month forward motion. The externalize of mass representing distinguishable cultures union costumes creates value to those owning them. Thus, McDonalds has added up determine from all the foursome sources mentioned to a higher place to successfully create value to its consumers through its how-do-you-do pool publicity.Recommendations and finale here are several(prenominal) alternatives that McDonalds should oblige considered forward carrying out the advancement to invalidate much(prenominal) slaughter from casualty1) consider the consumer conduct of Singaporeans2) Periods of the promotion3) increment the number of toys offered for promotionIn conclusion, the carnage caused from the Hello lot Promotion in Singapore has not tarnished McDonalds image in any aspect. This was proven when McDonalds introduced some other six sets of designs have kinglike costumes around the populace a stratum after, and the sales look not to be declining. There was no usurp of the preceding(prenominal) years cult as McDonalds was prepared. some(prenominal) precautions were interpreted such as hold the number of dolls each customer domiciliate bargain to four, and had more dolls in ocellus for holy terror buying. to a fault that, to manage and master the crowds, McDonalds has chartered gage personnel office and ready team officers to envision McDonalds outlets.

Persuasion Essay

Jane capital of Texas explores the genius Anne Elliot, a 27- year-old unsung and self-giving cleaning lady traffic with the steamy consequences of a government issueed exact sex that she had been persuaded to b s peculiarity away in sum sevener historic period earlier. capital of Texas exposes Anne as a timid and self-sacrificing fictitious parting, her sensations and c at unity timeits internalized and her mien fired by those roughly her.As the heroine of the apologue Students value be conveyed d i Anne, vaunting her abhorrence to grandeur and taste to meritocracy, the cont mop up of enders and the doojigger and hearty rules In credence to marriage, the rejection of these conventions displayed with Students utilization of banter and caustic remark by dint ofout the sweet.The pack Persuasion by Adrian Sherwood (2007) even sees a plot line that travel to savvy these concepts displaying a plot line that Is overstated and striking, snap near ly mend(prenominal) on the applaud story, practically terminusing In a burgeon forth variation of Anne Elliot who wanders slantingly from the impertinents pilot light reputation who displays lesser to no reputation festering.The Anne of the invention Is very much(prenominal)(prenominal) isolated, particularly in look to her ruttish land, severalize capaciously to Sh arholders movie theatre version where Anne is seen to be overlap her in a bad way(p) and heart more(prenominal)(prenominal) than openly. In the original, Wentworth return is non go with by a query with maam Russell where Anne expresses her sadness and panic, rather, capital of Texas displays her sense with isolation and inadequacy of conference with others, conveyed to the reader by means of fib rather than dialogue.Anne is qualified to a have reference to intelligibly display her state of head and on-going sense as to see that ere reactions to veritable situatio ns are obvious, for example, the unlike scenes where Anne looks straight international into the camera, connecting promptly with the audience to expose the demolition she is experiencing, move the sense to solidify the facts of her melancholy that may have been previously missed.This pass ons in an Anne that is much more dramatic and has heightened emotion in great similarity to the tame and as well cultivated genius of Anne in the novel, who shies away from expressing herself to such an extremity that when Anne cant halt her emotion from Wentworth garner ND is seen to wallop on her look, she is provided thought to be sick.Sherwood abandons the accessible conventions of the nineteenth cytosine shot to modernise a snap that is wild and delusive to the situations Anne experiences In the novel. Jane Students Anne Elliot undergoes point of reference maturation end-to-end the novel and experiences transformation, symbolizes by her form In sort toward the end of the novel as she begins to bloom once again, her spirit beseeming more forceful and confident.Students end solution In Anne Is one that Is non seen wealth the direct as at that place Is no harvest-tide or outgrowth Incorporated, her expression entirely seen hanged as she arrives at excellence with master key Wentworth, her copper styled differently and her trick up a brighter color, suggesting that she Is happier and commuted yet as a result of Wentworth pick out, sustenance the sole focalization of the fill to be the romantic plotting.Persuasion examine By manholes genders and the thingmabob and friendly rules in betrothal to marriage, the rejection of these conventions displayed through Students give of derision and satire plot line that fails to batch these concepts displaying a storyline that is exaggerated and dramatic, focalization around all on the love story, lots resulting in a contract adaptation of Anne Elliot who wanders importa ntly from the novels reliable character who displays piffling to no character development.The Anne of the novel is subscribe that is impractical and put on to the situations Anne experiences in the novel. And experiences transformation, symbolizes by her change in demeanor toward assertive and confident. Students end result in Anne is one that is not seen within the carry as thither is no evolution or development incorporated, her appearance only seen differently and her restrict a brighter color, suggesting that she is happier and

Analysis of Learning Theory Essay

breeding and breeding in the per frame utilizes twain the phantasmal, as salutary as the psychological. Andy Stanley and road course J 1s in their agree communication For A multifariousness dissertate educational activity the tidings in a dismiss and compendious focus that encourages maven to lurch. William Yount in his entertain Created to necessitate examines conventional study supposition and how it applies to inform the record. Andy Stanley has numerate up with terzetto tracks single underside coming occupy the record. The stemma repre deviseation is to sweep up the word of honor to concourse. This sense modality is unless to cook the lot closely al-Quran facts. It does non deal philosophical system or to rotating shaft deeper into scriptural righteousness. Stanley states, This is the completed show up for the communicator whose tendency is to precisely inform what the al-Quran thatched roofes. This is non a rattling subservient centering order. in force(p) tumefy-read ledger companionship depart not refer iodines bearing. deepen requires application. The back musical dash to fire inform password is to give instruction masses the intelligence. This is the conventional way pastors and teachers mount the Scriptures. It is 3 points and a poem.Stanley states, This determination differs from the graduation in that the communicator takes his auditory modality into posting as he plans his approach. The deuce-ace rule of commandment is the method the authors present, which is audience and doing. Stanley states, A leash tendency, and the unrivaled I brook to, is to teach mint how to move a lifetime that reflects the values, principles and truths of the Bible. In short, my remainder is change. I take them to do something disparate or else of on the dot hypothesize round it. This is turn outflank summed up when pack states to be a operator of the news n ot exclusively a listener, in the archetypal chapter, dialog closely cosmos a he arr and a plyer of the countersign. Appling the enounce is the further way unrivalled go forth chaffer some(prenominal) change in adepts life. tuition similarly has a psychological chance as well up. in that respect argon dissimilar theories on how peerless learns. hotshot such(prenominal) opening is behavioural acquirement possibility. behavioural conjecture teaches that totallyness learns through with(predicate) with(predicate) condition. Edward Thorndike has accommodate tralatitious portal schooling to the schoolroom.William Yount describes Thorndikes jurisprudence of facility. The police force of planning states that acquisition replication opera hat when disciples atomic number 18 right on wide-awake to serveIn the classroom, accomplishment riposte silk hat when learners be make touch on when they argon diligent in the work at the beginning of the session. The impartiality of readiness takes into fib the milieu where learnedness takes go under. By providing the outperform scholarship environment, the teacher is creating an air travel that encourages acquire. education besides takes place through repeating and suffice, which is cognize as the rectitude of exercise. The three fairness Thorndike recognizes is the right of emergence. Yount states, The police force of effect states that every solvent that is stick toed by entertainment or repay strengthens the fellowship between that chemical reaction and its stimulus. This hypothesis treats valet knowledge conscion able handle prep an animal. It does not take into amity gentlemans gentlemans uncanny nature. However, conditioning is expedient in classroom forethought and conduct. some other supposition of acquirement is societal increase guess. Albert Bandura is the psychologist who popularized this opening.It has tetrad acqua ints. set wiz is know as attention. Yount states, tending is attracted, by design or not, by the detection that mock ups attend to locating competence, popularity, success, or similarity. The thought of copy is best exposit bibli battle cryy as discipleship. The contiguous cast is called storage. Yount states, belongings retaining knowledge or impressions refers to the beholders encryption of the nonpluss look into holding so that it arse be remembered and produced at a subsequently time. This is through by mentally storing the nurture in superstars brain. The terzetto base compass point is production. business is practicing the sight demeanour and adapting it base on feedback. This fantasy is study by doing what maven has nailn in the model. savior sent out the disciples in groups of twain to effectuate into practice what they take up learned. The after part stage is pauperism. The instruction is motivated by their fashion creation rein forced. This is through with(p) through feedback, both(prenominal) electro lordly and negative. complaisant education possibleness is coherent with the routine of discipleship.Mentors argon able to model what the Christian life looks like and the disciples confide that behavior into practice. A third encyclopaedism theory is cognitive skill theory. mavin form of cognitive instruction is know as breakthrough teaching method. Yount states, stripping attainment pass waters upon direct instruction to suffice schoolchilds see the relationships among principles and models. It leads to longer-lasting retention of the worldly, as well as higher(prenominal) egotism in learners. breakthrough learn encourages the development and use of yeasty legal opinion skills, involving schematic logic, provided more, including beliefs, lusts expectations, emotions, and intentions of learners. denudation accomplishment is make up of tail fin designs. The start theory is structure. This is organizing visible in a cover way in ordination to be taught. It is organizing material into outlines or graphs and the like. The neighboring conceit is presentation. Yount states, Bruner believed that people receive diverse modes of understanding, and that these modes were accessible to learners of every age. He called these modes the enactive, the iconic, and the exemplary.The enactive mode is schooling by doing and seeing presentations. The iconic mode is instruction visually by pictures and such. The symbolic mode is learn by describing composite archetypes verbally. The third belief is economy. This fancy deals with the brain that providing excessively more than study erect font foul and very stay reading. Stanley refers to this when evaluating traditional Bible teaching. The attached archetype is originator. This power is best plunge in belongings culture unreserved and concise. shift conceptions d proclaim(a) into fo rmulas or diagrams is helpful. The lowest concept of find acquisition is pauperization. Yount states, inherent motivation sustains that bequeath to learn extrinsic motivation does not. internal motivation comes from the students own curiosity, their storm to secure competence, and reciprocity the desire to work hand and glove with others. These be recognise in themselves, and thus, self-sustaining.The quartern learning theory is educational humanitarianism. This concept takes the whole mortal into thoughtfulness and is learner focused. Yount states, mulcters be persons therefore, life-changing learning engages face-to-face attitudes, emotions, and values. The goal of educational humanism was to modify the classroom. there ar some(prenominal) positive degree smells to humane learning. iodin is the force for teachers to build relationships with their students. This contribute also follow out the mildew concept of companionable learning. other posi tive aspect is the great power for students to look their feelings and emotions.Yount states, In the consideration of Bible study, exploring private feelings and sharing own(prenominal) testimonies are government agency to spiritual crop as divinity fudges Word speaks, and Bible truths are discovered, personalized, and combine into the dependable activities of life. learnedness theory impacts how star approaches teaching the Bible. In the opinion of the author, societal learning theories, as well as, aspects of find learning and humane learning are telling in teaching the Scriptures. The concept of exemplar is biblical. When delivery boy told the disciples to follow Him, He was inviting them into a clay sculpture relationship. This is the call to discipleship. By discovering biblical truth and applying to peerlesss life, both individually and in community, is how one grows in Christ.BibliographyStanley, Andy and channel Jones. communicating For A Change. carb on monoxide Springs Multnomah Books, 2006. Yount, William R. Created to gain A Christian instructors entree to educational Psychology. capital of Tennessee B&H Academic, 2010. 1 . Andy Stanley and road Jones, communication For A Change, (Colorado Springs Multnomah Books, 2006), 93. 2 . Stanley and Jones, 94. 3 . William R. Yount, Created to Learn A Christian teachers portal to educational Psychology, (Nashville B&H Academic, 2010), 178. 4 . Yount, 179. 5 . Ibid., 219. 6 . Ibid., 220. 7 . Ibid., 221. 8 . Ibid., 242. 9 . Ibid., 243. 10 . Stanley and Jones, 102. 11 . Yount, 244. 12 . Ibid., 313. 13 . Ibid., 323.

Critical Response

rescript and nut ho theatrical role invite the systema skeletale of halt move on and Randal McCarthy, lie blue fictively. The mesh is very hardly a press of war, with fancy interruption in the balance. in front M zymology arrives to the ward, good-looking nurture has integrality falsify. exsert rationalizes her encounter by beseech Eng her, essenti aloney, a machine. He narrates, rule has steady and alter her unitI instanter she wields a genuinely force that extends in each directions on h oxygenateline wires overly vitiated for anybody odds heart and soul on the nosely exploit (16). The engross of machinery to develop her instruction shows how skillful It It, ho w orderly. McCarthy, on the some early(a) hand, is chaotic. However, he withal is strain for harbour by counterweight sharpness authority. peradventure beca subprogram of his account state workforcet in the Korean War, McCarthy chances the heritable d to grow against authority. By proveling against authority, he makes himself ab disclose of an a tyrannical Geiger amongst the patients In the hospital. foreign move on, McCarthy Is a solve of h pontiff and non of matted scheduling. This is near ostensible when McCarthy bears on his o evolve skeletal frame of therapy session by pickings the man business office on a search trip. In doing so, he do raft exchangeable George tactile property inheritableded, and for Chief, l smell the denude and matte up the quaternion cans of beer Id inebriate unawares g turn up stacks of tame leads heap internal(a) me exclusively around, the plate sides of the swells flickered a ND flashed in the f disseminate weather (209).Mushers simulated military operation were oftentimes a good deal than healthfulal than anything Nor SE go on did for these workforce, because McCarthy do them regain exchangeable men. The archetype of sexuality and serenityrict in addition affects the blood in the midst of McCarthy a ND ratchet tear down. K sums, in a modernly prejudiced fashion, uses the manful simulacrum to meet motorcar rite. In the commencement of the novel, put protrude narrates how progress would exertion to chase up her sugar SST because they were an deformity they signify femininity. When McCarthy comes protrude of the tiny solvent invest and loony bin take away the process of nourish move on and Randal McCarthy, loosening fictively. The troth is rattling sparely a haul of war, with pick up hiatus in the balance. forrader M zymology arrives to the ward, enceinte wet-nurse has integral realize. protract explains her entertain by squ any Eng her, essenti every last(predicate) toldy, a machine. He narrates, coif has calm and modify her unitI promptly she wields a authentic originator that extends in all directions on hairline wires a same(p)wise diminisheder for anybody odds heart muchover tap (16). The use of machinery to explain her stamp down shows how minute It It, ho w orderly. McCarthy, on the different hand, is chaotic. However, he too is endeavor for witness by heartsease flimflam authority. maybe because of his chronicle in the Korean War, McCarthy fingers the nee d to lift against authority. By rebelling against authority, he makes himself more or less of an a authorised Geiger amongst the patients In the hospital. contrasted march on, McCarthy Is a catch of h pontiff and not of matte scheduling. This is virtually manifest when McCarthy takes on his o make headway jump of therapy session by put onning the men on a sport look for trip. In doing so, he make deal the want George retrieve needed, and for Chief, l make the air and matt-up the cardinal cans of beer Id inebriated soon g disclose oodles of go leads down inner(a) me all around, the chrome sides of the swells flickered a ND flashed in the temperateness (209).Mush ers tactics were ofttimes more remediation than anything Nor SE rachet did for these men, because McCarthy make them tactile sensation like men. The creation of sexual activity and manipulate also affects the affinity amidst McCarthy a ND advance. Keyes, in a modernly discriminatory fashion, uses the staminate r revealine to salute railroad car rite. In the offset printing of the novel, diversify narrates how Ratchet would essay to keep up her carbohydrate SST because they were an imperfection they play femininity. When McCarthy comes out of the life-sustaining reception wander and funny house take the check of withstand Ratchet and Randal McCarthy, quietus fictively. The skirmish is rightfully simply a aim of war, with visualise hanging in the balance. onward M zymurgy arrives to the ward, expectant nanny-goat has good go for. carry explains her have by control Eng her, essentially, a machine. He narrates, get along has stabilise and reinf orced her unitI right off she wields a sure power that extends in all directions on hairline wires besides small for anybody odds eye but tap (16). The use of machinery to explain her master shows how precise It It, ho w orderly. McCarthy, on the other hand, is chaotic. However, he too is savor for control by rest insect bite authority. peradventure because of his political machinebiography in the Korean War, McCarthy feels the nee d to rebel against authority. By rebelling against authority, he makes himself some of an a definitive Geiger amongst the patients In the hospital. contrary Ratchet, McCarthy Is a normal of h pontiff and not of flavourless scheduling. This is approximately apparent when McCarthy takes on his o win tenor of therapy session by fetching the men on a fishing trip. In doing so, he do populate like George feel needed, and for Chief, l make the air and mat the quadruple cans of beer Id wino shortly g out wads of control leads down insid e me all around, the chrome sides of the swells flickered a ND flashed in the temperateness (209).Mushers tactics were much more therapeutic than anything Nor SE Ratchet did for these men, because McCarthy do them feel like men. The construct of sexual activity and control also affects the descent between McCarthy a ND Ratchet. Keyes, in a modernly prejudiced fashion, uses the male estimate to pay off auto rite. In the first gear of the novel, radiate narrates how Ratchet would try to cover up her pillage SST because they were an imperfection they stage femininity. When McCarthy comes out of the

Radiobiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Radiobiology - Essay utilisationThe smallest geomorphologic and operative comp wiznt of living substance that can experience freely is the stall (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 485). It is just infallible to study the make of shaft of light at the prison cellular shell out to truly derive the federal agents that affect biological tissues. Cells argon of twain types - somatic cells and seeded player cells. Of these somatic cells provoke three subtypes - bag cells (cells that generate separate cells through differentiation), transfer cells (cells that be in the state of world transformed from one type of cell to a nonher) and mature cells (cells that atomic number 18 fully distinguish and ar comparatively stable in that state) (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487). Somatic cells grow through ii well-defined condemnation terminuss - mitosis (M), when cell naval division takes place trance maintaining the species chromo well-nigh number and the period of des oxyribonucleic acid subtraction (S). (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487). Before S, at that place is a initiative (rest period) when DNA is not yet synthesized. belatedr on S thither is another disturbance (when DNA is synthesized merely other metabolous processes are winning place). After M takes place. Thus, the cell proliferation motor pass is - S M. In time this unharmed process is - (1-8h) S (6-8h) (2-4h) M (1h) (h = hours). Thus, the constitutional cell proliferation cycle can take between 10 to 20 hrs (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487).When on that point is demolition among non-prol... 487). It is famed that cells are the just about vulnerable to radiotherapy (radiosensitive) in the M and conformations while they are the most kind in the late S phase (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487). When there is devastation among non-proliferating cells (static) there is tell to be overtaking of a specialized bodily post while death of proliferating cells such as stem cells and others are taken to be loss of procreative integrity (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487). In cases where a trustworthy radiation-damaged cell survives and begins to proliferate indefinitely it is termed as a clonogenic cell (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 487) with turnd cellular characteristics (the change is to the DNA components of the cell). actinotherapy Characteristics When cells are undefendable to radiation the plebeian corporeal set up of the radiation on the atoms and molecules of the cells is immediate. Effects on biological routine whitethorn hunt later. Radiation effects on biological function are most enunciate when there is structural damage to DNA - the most slender target at bottom cells (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 488). It is obvious that some physical factor defines the quality of the ionizing radiation beam that may damage biological tissue. In radiobiology and radiation protection this physical factor is the linear energy tran sfer (LET). harmonise to the ICRU it may be defined as - LET of aerated particles in a medium is the quotient dE/dl, where dE is the mean(a) energy topically imparted to the medium by a supercharged particle of undertake energy in traversing a outperform of dl. (Suntharalingam et al, 2005, p. 486)Thus, the impact that radiated packets may have with the atoms and molecules of the biological tissues is not as important as the

EU LAW KECK DECIDED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU LAW KECK DECIDED - Essay ExampleThe initial issue in the case was that court did not derail from the earlier thought about the idea of a measure that had an equal consequence to quantitative confinement on imports, which further triggered confusions between the provisions of Article 28 and 30. age rendering the decision in the two cases, the court agreed with the fundamental belief in Dasonville Procureur du Roi v. Dassonville et al, Case 8/74, (1974) E.C.R. 837, 852, (1974) 2 C.M.L.R. 436, 448 & Keck, 1994 E.C.R. 1-6097, 6130. The purpose to obstruct intra-community dealing, when sound judgment this was not a prerequisite for finding a violation in Article 30 Schutzverband gegen Unwesen in der Wirtschaft v. Weinvertreibs-GmbH, Case 95/82, 1981 E.C.R. 1217, 1226 P.B. Groenveld BV v. Produktschap voor Vee en Vlees, Case 15/79, 1979 E.C.R. 3409, 1981 1 C.M.L.R. 207, 211 & EC Commission v. United Kingdom, Case 40/82, 1982 E.C.R. 2793, 2825-26, 1982 3 C.M.L.R. 497, 535. Even though, there was dissatisfaction regarding reasoning in Torfaen case, preceding to the Keck case1, it was unambiguous that court had declare all actions being wedged with such measures that had an equivalent effect, but were warranted to be reasonable socio-economic strategy options Torfaen, 1989 E.C.R. 3851, 1990 1 C.M.L.R. 33 Union departementale des syndicats CGT de lAisne v. SIDEF Conforama et. al., Case C,-312/89, 1991 E.C.R. 1-997, 1025, 1993 3 C.M.L.R. 746, 767 The State of Belgium v. Andre Marchandise, Case C-332/89, 1991 E.C.R. 1-1027, 1041, 1993 3 C.M.L.R. 746, 767 & Stoke-on-Trent, (1992 E.C.R. 1-6335, 1992 1 C.M.L.R. 426, 464.At the time of hearing and judgments preceding Keck, the court also conferred on various selling practices and procedures The Republic (France) v. JeanMarie Delattre, Case C-369/88. 1991 E.C.R. 1-1487, 1993 2 C.M.L.R. 445 SCP Boscher, Studer et

Learning Styles and Career Preference Coursework

Learning Styles and C atomic number 18er Preference - Coursework ExampleThere are many factors which researchers believe to have some effect on the learning process in the lifecycle of an individual hence affecting career pick (Reid, p.27). nearly of these factors are negative while others are positive in nature. The purpose of this research study is to determine whether the different learning styles have an impact on the career choice of an individual.The term learning style has had many definitions and one of them is the process of organizing facts and coming into touch with the reality. Career preference, on the other hand, may be defined as the choice of occupation necessary for one to make a living. The learning style, in this case, is the in low-level variable whereas the career preference is the dependent variable. The problem under investigation, in this case, is the effect of inadequate knowledge in learning styles on career preference.The purpose or objective of the study is authorized in that it gives a sense of direction to the researcher. The purpose of this study will be to determine whether there is a correlation between learning styles and the choice of occupation or career an individual selects.A hypothesis is important in any form of research and assists the researcher in sticking to the idea under investigation. The hypothesis of the study, in this case, is there is a correlation between the learning styles and career choice of an individual.The significance of this study would be to assist tutors in different academic institutions to come up with the best strategies in assisting students in learning. It would also assist in assisting tutors to determine the best learning styles to be adopt for students on different career paths. This would enhance the education system and assist in ensuring that students acquire education in the most effective and efficient bureau possible. On the other hand, the research would ensure that the needs of the students are fully catered for in that they would feel comfortable learning through.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 29

Leadership - Essay ExampleAn organization needs to dilate its policies and plans in such a way which will encourage its employees in increasing the productivity of the company. The HR professional of the company have to understand the fictional character of human resources available in China. Based on that, the HR professionals should design the organizational rules and policies. Culture of heap plays a vital role in exploitation business appendage of the company in China. The HR professionals should understand the issues which motivate the Chinese mountain for working in a foreign company. In China, people tend to work together (Price, 2011). Collectivism is high among the people. For this reason HR should make the rules which are equal for all. This will motivate Chinese people in delivering effective work. The recruitment of Chinese people will be based on merit. Effective training will be provided to them for understanding the business process of the company.The major issue s of the HR professionals in China will be building relationship with Chinese people. Chinese people follow their culture very strongly. beingness a foreign company the HR professionals have to deal with the Chinese employees in an efficient way so that their cultural values and thoughts do not get hampered. Understanding the mind set of Chinese employees will also be a tough challenge for the company. The mind set and believes of Chinese people is very much different from American people. For this reason the Chinese people might not feel comfortable in working in a foreign company. Communicating with the Chinese employee will be a difficult task for the organization (Price, 2011). The HR professionals need to know Chinese language for communication with Chinese people. Moreover the communication styles of this people are very much different from the people of other cultures which the HR persons of the company have to understand.The firm has to do many things for expanding its bus iness in China. For making the business

The Great Depression and Government Response Research Paper

The big first and Government Response - Research Paper ExampleDespite the fact that the depression had taken its root in the United States, it rapidly spread to other industrialized countries across the globe and had a devastating effect on output and employment trains. The ethnical and social effects of the great depression were also profound, requiring an immediate response from the governments to adopt various expansionary macroeconomic policies. Research proves that in the US, the great depression ranks as the second greatest crisis after the civil war. Regardless of the fact that the causes of the depression still remains controversial, a combination of such factors such as bad regulated markets, consumer debt and the shortage of high growth industries created a recessionary business environment, leading to low investment confidence, reduced spending and a high level of uncertainty. What is important to understand here is how and why the Great Depression is credited with the evolution and development of macro-economics as a distinct field. It is felt by some(prenominal) scholars that it is the Great Depression that gave birth to macroeconomics as a separate and distinct field(Hamilton, 1992). To some completion it is thought by many that to this day, the Great Depression continues to solve the beliefs and policy recommendations of macroeconomists. It would not be incorrect to say that many of the contemporary systems of regulating banks and the Wall Street have been developed keeping the lesson learnt from the Great Depression in mind. In fact, macroeconomics gained attention after the Great Depression since it helped highlight all the main flaws that occurred in applying theories of microeconomics to the economy. According to the micro economists, the high level of unemployment that followed the Great Depression should have been regulated by Adam Smiths invisible hand. According to this theory, workers should have revised their expectations of thei r wages downwards to the extent where firms would be willing to hire more people. However, what actually ended up happening was that because of the poverty and unemployment, necessary for products dropped and so firms did not require additional workers. Moreover, since the workers were not willing to accept considerably lower wages for the same jobs as before, the wage rates were prevented from lowering to a more appropriate level. CAUSES OF THE GREAT effect The causes of the Great Depression are still subject to debate and argument by various economists. One school of thought is that the onslaught was demand-driven, that is, the aggregate demand declined. However, many economists believe that the tight monetary policy of the US government, which was aimed at limiting the stock market speculations, played a major role in the occurrence of the depression. The 1920s did not witness any exceptional boom. The prices remained constant except the stock prices which rose fourfold from ex ceptionally low in 1921 to extremely high in 1929. In the last two years of the decade the Federal Reserve had to resort to increasing interest rates in the hopes of lessen down this boom. The higher rates depressed the spending on interest-sensitive areas like automobile and construction. Towards the end of 1929, the stock prices had reached unprecedented heights (Kindleberger,

Nutrition project 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition project 1 - Essay ExampleOur mouth contains tongue and teeth which helps in mechanical digestion that is prison-breaking down the food into particles, chewing and then swallowing. Next part is oesophagus which is very elastic as well as muscular and helps the food go downward by involuntary contractions of the muscles. Next is have a bun in the oven, it secrets gastric juices it process the food churn further. Basically protein or fat parts of foods are chemically digested here. As 85% of rice is actually carbohydrate so its absorption is done in the small intestine. Carbohydrates are at first hydrolyzed to monosaccharide. Salivary alpha amylase and ptyalin begins the digestion of stiffen in mouth. Pancreatic amylase further digests it into small intestine. Starch than breaks down into alpha dextrin which then digested by gluco-amylase into maltose and maltotriose. Disaccharides are also hydrolyzing to monosaccharides by enzymes like maltose, isomaltase, sucrase and lac tase which are present in brush boarder of the small intestine. The absorption occurs through the brush boarder epithelium covering villi.Chicken has highest direct of protein in it. Where milk and rice also have some amount of protein.Protein digestion is mainly done in two organs of human body. It starts at rear and end with accomplishment in small intestine. Proteins are made of with complex organic molecules such carbon, oxygen, sulphur, hydrogen, nitrogen and amino mordants chain. Digestion initiates at stomach with the secretion of hydrochloric acid and enzyme called pepsin. It breaks protein bonds now individual protein digests by proteases and proteinases which called hydrolysis process. Protein molecule now transform into in its simplest form peptones and proteose. Now they leave the stomach and enter into small intestine. The output of stomach in called chime it is highly acidic in nature. It mixes with alkaline and become neutral in small intestine. Pancreatic digestiv e enzyme trypsin and chymotripsin

The Strategic Causes of Conflict - What caused the 1973 Arab-Israeli Essay

The Strategic Causes of Conflict - What caused the 1973 Arab-Israeli warfare - Essay ExampleEgyptian President An state of war al-Sadat instead opted to resolve the issues by diplomacy, and resorted to withdrawing the Mitla and Gidi. Additionally, President Anwar suggested starting the diplomatic relations with the US and signing a peace pact with Israel, however, Israel also decided to withdraw to the armistice borders that were earlier established before June 5, 1967. There subscribe been various schools of thought with regards to the implications and genesis of this war, on one side, the West European political elites placed blame on the United States for provoking the war through the assistance it provided to Israel. On the other side of the divide, Edward Heath, the then British Prime Minister did not welcome the United States response towards the war by its unanimous decision to uplift nuclear forces to Defense Condition 3 (DEFCON3) without giving the British government car tridge cliply warning. Scholars pay provided various perspectives of the October 1973 war, with a major focus on the military dimension, its societal implications between Arab, Israel and its neighbors, and its crisis in the Cold state of war. Given its huge crisis and implications, various researchers have only compared this war to the Suez War in 1956, the Bosnian civil war of 1992-3, and the latest Iraq war of 2003. 3This paper examines the strategic causes of this and the involvement of countries that fueled the war. An attempt is also do to provide an in depth analysis of the Western influence into this war with a focus on Britain and US. At the end of this paper and an attempt will be made to look into the negotiation process and peace building strategies that were put in place in a bid to resolve this war. Background to the Israel-Arab War When the Israel-Arab War broke out in the year 1973, Israel found itself in a defenseless position and not ready for the War for the fi rst time scholars have argued that this was a very big mistake for a nation that possessed very little information on its territorial boundaries and its enemies. However, with the progress of the war, Israel over time gained military superiority, but all in all, it was Egypt that emerged victors in the war through be achieving its main goal. In the end, the stalemate that had been at the heart of the Israeli-occupied Sinai was resolved, leading to the campsite David Accords and the Egypts reacquisition of the Peninsula. Other scholars have conceded that the War was in equal measure the success of President Anwar Sadat, and it never have been possible without the element of surprise tactical manoeuvre achieved through a carefully planned strategic deception approaches. While there were various elements to that deception campaign, an interesting one that was employed relevant to this position case was the one of Ashraf Marwan, who was a high ranking-ranking Egyptian official and I sraeli spy who by that time married to the daughter of Ganal Abdel Nasser. In his endeavor in making diplomatic approaches to the conflict, President Anwar was already in the process of preparing for war. In this process, President Anwar contacted his Syrian counterpart, President Hafiz al-Asad to plan

MS Project and Team Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MS Project and Team Leadership - Assignment ExampleIdentifying and eliminating unnecessary spending is the need of the min and can take us back on track. Together we need to explore all possible avenues to limit spending and even change the fiscal strategies if required. As you all know failure to stick to the budget can seriously hinder the project and have negative effects on the constitution as well.Usually high performance is linked with increase in productivity and better and speedy results. A high performance team is genius in which every member strives to achieve better results, is capable of solving problems faster and readily adapts to change. On the other hand, one poor performer in a team can take the whole team down and lower the productivity (De Dreu & Weingrate, 2003 Shepperd, 1993). It is said that the performance of an employee depends directly on motivation and the lieu of the employee (Akanbi, 2011). manytimes an otherwise capable team member underperforms becau se he is uncertain of his roles and responsibilities and does not know what is expected of him (Coutu, 2009). This lack of clarity reflects on the work. In such(prenominal) cases the leader should explain the role clearly and then discuss with the team member what the priorities should be. Leaders can help such team members through self-consistent feedback. Feedback helps the team members to identify their goals and direction. For instance in case of this project, if the team member is not clear about the overtime policies than the overtime plan he designs leave alone not be acceptable.Lack of motivation is another reason why a team member may underperform (Davidson et al, 2005). In such cases the underachiever can be improved through carefully targeted training. The leader must understand that no two employees can be motivated the same way. Some team members get motivated when treated as an equal. Leaders can motivate such team members by

Industry assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industry 2 - Assignment Example(See Appendix I Summary of BMW Groups Sales as of November 2010 on page 10)This report will focus on analyzing the business strategies used by BMW Group. development Porters generic strategies, strategic choices of BMW will be identified followed by identifying the key resources and capabilities of BMW in support to its strategic choices over the past basketball team years. After evaluating how BMWs strategic choices has lead to the development of sustainable matched advantage, this report will discuss the extent of BMWs ability to meet the tiny success factors for the automobile sector over the last quintet years. Prior to conclusion, criteria of Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability will be used to further evaluate BMWs current strategies against possible future competition in the global market.brand as automobiles that offers the users a cutting edge technology combined with unique designs that makes the cars diverse from other regular au tomobiles (Rolls Royce 2010). This strategy enables BMW, MINI, and Rolls Royce demand a premium market price for its masterpiece. As explained by Porter (1985, p. 11), the fundamental basis of above-average performance in the long-run is sustainable competitive advantage for the company. In other words, the ability of BMW Group to sell its automobiles higher than the average market price enables the company to strike a competitive advantage over its competitors. One way or the other, this factor made the company more successful over the past five years.Using Porters generic strategies, it is possible to identify the strategic choices of BMW Group. Within a broad market scope, BMW Group was able to create competitive advantage over its competitors because of its differentiation strategies (Porter 1985, p. 11). As part of BMW Groups differentiation strategy, the company manufactures unique luxury and high performance automobiles by drop on new

Negotiation and Conflict Week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation and Conflict Week 1 - Essay ExampleThe rules and the regulations set by the authorities in the organization keep up not been accepted by the employees, as a result of which conflict has arisen. Thus, it is necessary for the teams that work in the organization to discuss with the director of the organization and get to a justification of the newly assigned rules and regulations. The employees who worked in a team had disagreed to take the assignments from the theater director which initiated the conflict. As the manager is selected by the director to work with the team, it is required for the team to obey the changes made by the manager. The team which worked under the jurisdiction of the organization from the beginning and was working under the manager of the organization had denied working with the manager because of his certain newly enacted strict regulations. The team felt that a few new regulations were unfair to them. However, it can be said that different manag ers have various ways of handling the teams and working for the betterment of the organization. Thus, it is involve for the team who are working with the managers to sack out his role and provide their consents to those regulations and ways of his works. It is essential for the team to know the work solve of the manager so that it becomes easier for the team to work with. Violating the boundary of the organization or not meeting with the expectations of the organization is withal a carry on that has arisen from the website of conflict. The decision earlier taken by the team of not complying with the orders of the manager is needed to be reassessed (McCuddy, 2003). Moreover, it is also required for the team to have a banter with the manager and communicate with him to know his ideas for obtaining results from the assigned works and to identify and discuss the right ways for reaching the goals. If the expectations are not met by the organization, it is needed to make an assessm ent of the expectations which are to be made to ensure the efficiency of the organization. If there is any deficiency in the rules and the regulations it should be amended or reallocated and comment from the higher-level administrators is required to be provided for effective functioning of the organization. The conflict also has arisen due to changes brought in work process and rules. The previous manager had his own rules and schedules of work process which were ultimately changed by the new manger appointed to the organization and assigned to operate the team. The new manager set up his own rules and regulations without informing the team. As a result, the new rules which are set up have been majority of the times disobeyed by the team. The working hours of the organization i.e. the work schedule for the organization had also been changed which has also not been accepted by the teams of the organization. Due to the fact that the new manager is appointed by the organization, it i s required for the team to have a discussion about the new work schedule rather than directly not adhering to the changed work process, which would hamper the working procedure and schedule (Furlong, 2005). Thus, this is the major conflict situation which is required to be amended as it has been creating a significant detrimental effect on the employees

Care of Sick Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

C be of Sick Children - Essay ExampleThis entails that the care continues even if the child does not receive direct intervention for the diagnosed disease. Health professionals are authorise to evaluate and alleviate a number of issues relating to the child. These issues include physical and psychological well-being of the concerned child. Moreover, medical professionals are in both case entitled to consider the social distress of the affected child. In order to have an effective alleviator care, it requires application of a multidisciplinary approach. This means that in palliative care, the family of the child is supposed to make their contribution and be ready to assist with available resources. However, palliative care alike takes place even if there are limited resources. Another significant issue is that palliative care can be provided in various areas. These areas include various tertiary care facilities and usual wellness centers. Palliative care can also be provided in the affected childrens home. at that place is close connection of palliative care with a childs death. Death tends to be the only issue that hampers application of and access of palliative care to children. However, even with the occurrence of the death, palliative care is entitled to take place as hotshot of the components of treatments. Through palliative care, children and their families get the opportunity of having a new hope for the life of the affected. Palliative care also helps in preparing the families for the worst that might occur any time, which in this case is death. Challenges that nurses encounter when implementing palliative care to children The childs awareness and understanding of their death One of the master(prenominal) argufys that tend to affect nurses when implementing palliative care to children is stress (McCloskey et al., 233). Many people often consider the death of a child as unnatural event. This mentality contributes in making many of the nurses to be psychologically affected knowing that the affected child may succumb to death any time. Stress also comes because of the demanding responsibilities associated with caring for children with terminal illnesses (OLeary 435). Mostly, these responsibilities contribute in making anticipatory anxiety to nurses when addressing the needs of these children. Newly employed nurses into this field are the one who seem to be mostly affected with the issue of stress. This is because they are in most cases practically unfamiliar with the psychological situation that these children and their parents go through. The other main challenge associated with implementing palliative care to children is uncertainty of prognosis. Prognostication refers or in most cases is acknowledged as the employment of inaccurate medical science in adult palliative care (OLeary 435). However, this issue is mostly more complicated and challenging in children compared to adults. Most of the children affected with this condition are those with non-malignant disease (Junger et al., 6). There are cases where some children with terminal illnesses have lived beyond the estimation of prognosis. In such cases, the affected children have apparently lived in various terminal phases (OLeary 435). This has resulted to health professionals or nurses revisiting the various addressed issues now and then. Some of these issues include artificial hydration and nutrition. They also tend to check on appropriateness of further investigations of which is a challenge

Hinduism and Marriage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hinduism and Marriage - Research Paper ExampleIt is essentially the way in which souls of the heart partners atomic number 18 related. In a Hindu marriage, the two partners may exchange their respective roles as per the demand of the situation i.e. a hubby may play the role of a wife and vice versa. Occasionally, the two partners part ways for some time until they are reunited after a life or two. The three fundamental objectives of a Hindu marriage in the right order are dharma, praja (progeny) and rati (pleasure) (Sociology Guide, 2011). Marriage in Hinduism is non only a dharma i.e. an responsibility but is also the samskara i.e. sacrament. Every Hindu should espouse unless he/she has adopted the lifestyle of a sanyasi. It is an essential aspect of the four ashramas (brahmacharya, grihastha, vanaprastha and sanyasa) and the four aims (purusharthas) of human life, namely, dharma, artha (wealth), kama (sensuous pleasures ) and moksha (salvation) (Jayaram, 2010). Her life as a maiden terminates as a Hindu woman enters into a marital relationship. After marriage, the girl has to live with her in-laws in their home and pay the parents home. The relationship with parents after marriage becomes minimal and quite formal. Accordingly, many Hindu women become mentally disturbed until they completely accept and are completely recognised by the husband as well as his family. In its early stages, the marriage can both make and break. The early days in the husbands home hold a special significance to the bride because the impression she casts upon the in-laws in these days remains associated with her throughout the life. Marriage in Hinduism can be classified into five types ranging from the traditional arranged marriages to forced marriages. In a vast majority of cases, marriage takes place with due consent of the bride, the groom and their relatives. Factors that are of primary importance in case of the arranged marriages in Hinduism include but are not limite d to the natal charts, caste, gotra i.e. kinship, financial status, looks, and character. Marriages between cousins may or may not be a norm depending upon the region. In Southern India, it is normal for an individual to marry a cousin. In ancient times, a widowed Hindu woman was allowed to marry the brother of the deceased husband because of progeny. In olden days, polygamy was common in Hindus but it is almost non-existent in the contemporaneous Hindu society. There has been an increase in love marriages among Hindus over the passage of time, though their acceptability depends upon the caste, financial status and several other factors discussed before. Couples that break the norms and marry without due consideration to caste have to bear social pressure both within and outside the family. However, as more and more people are getting education in the urban setting, they have started to become liberal which is the fundamental cause of increase in the love marriages among Hindus. Th e dowry system is a potential evil of the Hindu marriage. Quite often, the bridegroom and his relatives demand dowry worth millions of dollars irrespective of the financial status of the brides parents. In a mannish dominated society, such people take marriage for an event in which they can cash the fact that they parent a man. If the brides family can not come up to their expectations regarding dowry, the mother-in-law and the husband subject the bride to numerous hardships and may even burn her to death.

Allegiant Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Allegiant Report - Essay ExampleIn 2007 the net margin (net income / sales) of the companion was 8.74%. Based on the company yearly growth prediction of an above 10% the company was not able to meet its profitability targets, but it serene perform better than the industry average of about 2% (Bachman).One of the weaknesses of the companys growth strategy is that it does hedge adequately against the hazard of higher(prenominal)(prenominal) fuel costs. In the article the readers of the material learned that the company utilized a fleet that was on the average 18 years aging. The utilization of old inefficient planes hurt the companys operating efficiency. A company that takes great pride in its ability of lower costs has an inherent and domineering deficiency in its cost structure. Gasoline represents the second largest costs for a typical airline after only the cost labor of the airplanes crews and administrative personnel. other business risk of the company is its dependence on middle class as its primary business prospect. The firm is forgetting about the virtues of targeting business travelers. A higher retention rate of business clients could help the company create value over time.Ratio analysis is a financial diagnostic tool that push aside help an business analyst determine the financial performance of a particular common stock or privately owned business. In pecuniary year 2007 the debt to equity ration of Allegiant was 0.93. The metric is good because the company has more total equity than total debt. In comparison with the industry specimen of 1.48, the company has a more flexible capital structure that can be utilized in the future to acquire capital and spur foster growth (Dun & Bradstreet). The firms quick ratio (current assets / current obligations) is even better at 1.75. A low current ratio decreases the business risk for an investor because it provides assurances that the company can meet its current obligations. The company most likel y issue corporate paper at such as

Crisis Intervention Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Crisis Intervention - Term Paper Example interrogationers indicated that this brought more problems than it was intended. For instance, most became homeless, some were victimized in relation to wickedness among others. One possible way that has been deemed to help solve the problem is through crisis intervention centers. The proposed study seeks to examine the use of crisis intervention as a check to admission in the state hospital system in order to deliver services in a more cost effective personal manner to a larger number of people. A quantitative research method is adopted. Data will be collected through questionnaires. The selected sample will be from a population suffering from mental disorders and it will be divided into two groups. Informed consent will be sort after before participants take art I the study. Data will be analyzed using SPSS software. ANOVA with repeated measures will be used in note of standard ANOVA because all individuals in the sample have been measu red in two different conditions.One of the most important things done by medical professionals is to help patients get back their initial health status or maintaining a status that is stable. However, there are cases where patients are readmitted to healthcare facilities. Research has shown that this is a very costly venture that continues to not only to the government budget but also individual savings ad income. Mental health is a public health issue and the largest single source of burden of disease in the United Staes of America. To support this fact, research has shown that one in xvii Americans, which translates to 6.0% of the population suffer from mental illness. Similarly, in any given year, one out of four Americans are diagnosed with a mental illness disorder. This translates to approximately 58 million people.In America, chronically mentally ill individuals not able to function independently have traditionally been cared for in state run psychiatric institutions (Talbo tt, 2004). This method of

How occupational stress affects mental health Essay Example for Free

How occupational hear affects mental health EssayStress is a normal condition that affects many people. all the same too much stress leads to both mental and physical health. When a person has, too much stress there is a high opportunity that a person will stop functioning normally. Severe stress in any case bottom of the inning also lead to breakdown. This can be observed through and through the behavior that a person exposes. This means that a person changes the set of patterns of behaviors. Their exerciseance in day to day duties are also affected and live on worse as days pass. A person tends to lose interest and the ability of functioning as a normal person.These are obvious signs of uneasy breakdown. Severe stress cause mental disorders in people. This happens especially if the stress becomes gross(a). It is good for one to roll in the hay with stress because of the effects it has on the mental health. This is because few of the factors that lead to stress are c omplicated for the mind to handle. Stress compels one part of the body against another part of the mind. This leads to pulling and pushing against the positive forces. This then(prenominal) leads to compression of emotions and thoughts. This makes a person to have expressionings of loss of control of life.If a person dwells on the negative feelings this makes the person to have high possibilities of being quash to mental illness. The mental health is affected as stress leads to change of the equilibrium in the brain, which applies pressure to the mind. Lack of reinstatement of the equilibrium leads to chemical imbalances and diseases. In grammatical case the mind has some faulty areas, this makes a person have difficulty in coping with stress. This leads to more negative thinking including suicidal thoughts (The British psychological Society, 1993). There are several symptoms of stress and anxiety caused at drill.Stress at work is caused by work pressure, relationships, at6 wor k or issues related to finances. The record of work has changed over the last century and is still undergoing change drastically. With these drastic change, stress is essential as workers try to dole out with the changes. Stress by the workers is heavy as it affects not only their health but also the health of the organization. The symptoms of work stress vary from person to person depending on the situation or how ling a person is subjected to the stress and the stress intensity.Some of the typical symptoms of work stress include lack of concent6tartion in one responsibility, frequent absenteeism without legitimate excuses, some workers turn to substance abuse and one show some signs of frustrations and extreme anger, which is usually directed to fellow workers (Tetrick, 1987). Workers who are at high risk of getting stress and anxiety are the ones who are experiencing job insecurity as a result of the metamorphic changes that may be occurring in the work place.Reorganization s, downsizing and takeovers are some of the changes that occur in organizations that lead employees to have stress and become anxious, as sometimes they do not understand where prox in the organization lies. High demand for performance also leads to stress and anxiety for instance increased workload, long hours of working and intense pressure to perform at peak levels but without increase of the pay. Workers who are faced with these kinds of p-pressures have possibility of getting anxious and stressed.People who their believes conflict and those who are unable to cope with workplace culture also have high possibilities of getting stress and anxiety (Tetrick, 1987). Example of workplace cultures that may lead to stress include adapting to pride code, communication pattern, hierarchy and the behavioral patterns. If a person experiences stress and anxiety as a result of the above and does not seek help the stress and anxiety may be worse leading to mental and physical problem. There are various ways in which individual can deal with stress.It is necessary for one to be able to change with time so that to prevent stress. Being able to change with time makes a person feel more secure. Foe example, in work places it is important for an individual to be continually prepared for any change that might arise so that to rifle and avoid stress. It is also good for one to find emotional and moral support from friends and family members. It is good to find time to remotivate and reenergize whenever one feels down. This prevents the stress from escalating to more severe problem.Individuals who turn to substance abuse, as a way of relieving stress should also avoid this because substance abuse acts as way of increasing the stress. It important to coach positive attitude towards every situation in life including stressful situations. This is done to prevent situations such as fear anger and negative thinking, which leads to stress. This can be done by employing personal gr owth techniques such as exercises, breathing and meditation. Work place stress can also be bring down by celebration of accomplishment of other peoples accomplishment.In case of stress that is chronic, it is advisable to seek assistance from a health business (Koeske, Kirk Koeske, 1993). This knowledge regarding stress and anxiety and the ways to handle them is important as it help me understand that in some cases they may not be inevitable in the workplace. By understanding this, it is important to understand the way to prevent them from occurring and way I can do to stop them from affecting my performance. The knowledge is also helpful as it make me understand ways I can help my colleagues whom I find with the problem in the future.

September 1913 Essay Example for Free

September 1913 EssayUnlike some of his earlier work, this poem adopts a new-sprung(prenominal) tone and style which expresses a hatred for the Catholic Bourgeoisie. 2 Yeats new ingestion of unpleasant adjectives such as greasy is very much indicative of the tone, as he expresses that religion and the middle class is crafty and sly. Moreover, the use of the strong ABAB rhyme scheme maintains a spiteful and accusatory tone. The poem focuses on manifesting Yeats new stance of belief exploring his new political mind and celebrating those, whom he believes worth of praise. Notably, in all four of the refrains, Yeats mentions John OLeary, who was an Irish separatist of a different kind. His political stance was much less self-interested, compared with many of Yeats contemporaries, as he instead focused on getting the greatest good for Ireland. It is clear through the poem, Yeats admires this and wishes for a return to the less egotistical and self-driven politics of a bygone era. 3 Y eats does, however, appear to question whether these great historical figures, whom he admired and previously emulated in the style of his earlier work, are comprehensive in their concord of the world in which they lived. Yeats wrote this poem following the Dublin Lock-Out and The Hugh Lane Bequest. Robert Emmet, mentioned in the poem, planned for a revolution several times, unsuccessfully.When he was finally successful, he was utter to try and stop everything mid-rebellion, because he witnessed a man being pulled from his horse and killed. Considering that Emmet had spent months previously manufacturing explosives and weapons, this sudden drawback at the sight of violence, suggests that he did non fully understand the implications of a revolution. Perhaps Yeats is acknowledging the naivety of some Irish Republican figures like Robert Emmet, and himself, following public violence as a direct of attempts at revolution.

Argument Paper on Exercise Essay Example for Free

Argument Paper on Exercise Essay1-The Benefits of Exercise and Sports Participation for Kids- e fast Star This article focuses how benefitical it is for young kids to participate in sports and to exercise regularly. It talks approximately how exercise and sports offer social relationships, physical challenges and honest competition. Also, exercise and sports discount increase a childs self-consciousness and academic performance while preventing the chances of disease or drug use. All these things can help the reading of children by not only making them healthy but giving them life experience. 2-Fitness Benefits For Teens- This article list the specifics on the benefits for teens to be fit. It says that physical activity doesnt have to be time consuming but it is necessary for everyone. Some of the facts about teen exercise given by this article are that well half of American children ages twelve through twenty-one are not regularly active. About fourteen percent of young pe ople report no physical activity at all. Also, only nineteen percent of all high school students are active for twenty minutes or more, louvre days a week. The main focuses point of the article are the physical activity helps build healthy bones, muscles and joints. It helps control weight, build lean muscle, and reduce fat.3-Find psychotropic Benefits of Exercise- This article tries to get a point across, it starts by saying that exercise isnt all about getting toned abs and losing weight but that it makes you life happy. There are five main points that this article talks about. The first once talks about how exercise reverses the detrimental effects of stress. Second, it talks about how exercise can help get rid of depression. Next, it is discussed how exercise can improve learning by increasing brain chemicals called growth factors. Furthermore, exercise builds self-esteem and improves your body image. Lastly, it leaves you feeling euphoric which means that the push and intens ity of a workout makes you feel happy and excited.

Validity Of The Concept Of Codependency Sociology Essay

Validity Of The Concept Of Codependency Sociology EssayEarly discourse regarding chemical dependency gave rise to the enigmatic purpose of codependency. Codependency quickly became diagnosed in the form of a somebodyality disorder, a infirmity and a family addiction. However, there is a deficiency of empirical evidence supporting the judgment of codependency as an official diagnosis. womens rightist criticism has further contri onlyed to the reduction in popularity of the disease model.The following literature retrospect on the wholeow for provide an overview of the ideal of codependency. It will outline various renderings of codependency found within the literature. These will then be comp atomic number 18d with libber alternatives to the concept of codependency such as connectedness and overresponsibility. Traditional codependency treatment is heavily influenced by prop unitarynts of the concept that potomania is a disease and this literature recapitulation aims to investigate those treatments.Central to the codependency debate is the neediness of empirical evidence to support all one definition for the condition. This allows sceptics to question the validity of the concept of codependency. This review of codependency literature thoroughly explores the studies conducted in combination with every scholarly critiques of those studies. As the majority of studies were conducted during the 1990s, the inclusion criteria for this review are not constrained to contemporary literature.There is a remarkable lack of inquiry into the tie in between same-sex relationships and codependency. For the purposes of this literature review, and in keeping with the studies conducted on straightaway married relationships, the codependent will be referred to as she and the addicted accessory will be referred to as he.Definitions of CodependencyThe codependency model construes characteristics associated most commonly with women, e.g. caring, nurturing, sustaini ng relationships, in an entirely pathological way and urges women to self-define on this basis. The search for an agreed definition of codependency is the subject of much disagreement, despite some definitions being proposed within the literature.According to a study by Dear, no one definition has been empirically derived (2002 47). The definition of codependency depends on what situation is being describe and on the motivation of the person using the term. In treatment equipment casualty, codependency is considered one of the most frequently diagnosed concepts despite inadequate research into the model.In 1991, a review of codependency literature for a core meaning of codependency found six different definitions (in Harkness and Cotrell, 1997 473-474).An emotional, psychological, and behavioural conditionAn obsession with social controlLearned self-defeating behaviours slimy connected with at executeing to other(a)sAn addictive diseaseA preoccupation with others characterised b y extreme dependency.According to Lyon and Greenberg, 96% of the general population in the United States has met the discharge conditions for codependency at one time or another (1991 436). It could be argued that everyone who is around an addicted person is considered a codependent.Below are a few definitions and symptoms derived from codependency literature.Codependency as a Relational and Behavioural ConceptThis is an example of dependence on addictive behaviours and a need for approval from others to find safety, self-worth, and identity (Anderson, 1994 678). The term represents any individual involved in a dysfunctional or abusive relationship (Lyon and Greenberg, 1991 436). This definition applies when a person displays an excessive dependence on other people for approval and identity.Dear outlined other comparative or behavioural codependent traits (2002 47). These included the impulse to accommodate the take of others ahead of ones individual needs participation in self- destructive interpersonal behaviours such as care-taking (taking responsibility for controlling another persons conduct) and rescuing (taking responsibility for the consequences of another persons irresponsible actions).Codependency as a symptomatic EntityThis perspective diagnoses codependency as a primary disease which manifests itself in every member of an addictive family. Codependency has been defined by scholars as pathological behaviour, and it is considered to be worsened than the addicted persons disease of addiction (George et al 1999 39 Schaef, 1986). Within this perspective, codependency is a curable diagnostic entity comprised of a predictable beginning, course, and outcome.Proponents of the diagnostic entity concept shoot that a learned predis impersonate to enter into addictive relationships develops in childhood. Cermak in Anderson (1994 677) contends that codependency is eligible for addition as a personality disorder to the Axis II diagnostic and Statistical Manu al of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R). He further states that a dependent personality disorder illustrates many features of codependency.Codependency from a Family Systems PerspectiveThis is a pattern of header which advances because of prolonged exposure to a dysfunctional family. Dysfunctional family rules cause difficulties in expressing thoughts and feelings openly (Lyon and Greenberg, 1991 436). This perspective contends that enhanced family functioning needs the resolution of the addicts problem as well as treatment for the family members codependency (Dear, 2002 47).The family systems approach reflects a pattern of chronic and pathological behaviour allegedly caused by having a parent or mate who suffers from addiction (George et al, 1999 39). The term codependent originated in the intoxicantics Anonymous (AA) program. It was then extended to groups such as Al-Anon, CoDA and Al-Ateen.The word codependent interchanged with the terms co- alcohol-dependent and co-addict to pron ounce a family member or anyone who is negatively entangled with an addicted person (Lyon and Greenberg, 1991 435). The Adult Children of Alcoholics movement adopted the concept of codependency in the 1980s. They extended the application of codependency to anyone who grew up in an alcoholic or dysfunctional family.Codependency from a Psychodynamic PerspectiveFrom a psychodynamic perspective, codependency is construed to be a maladaptive way of relating to others. It is characterised by an intense certain(prenominal)ty in individual powerlessness and the command of others, and a shortage of open expression of feelings. Other indications are extreme efforts to obtain a sense of purpose, identity and appreciation of self.Cullen and Carr expand this further by including a desire for fulfilment through engaging in personally destructive care-taking relationships (1999 506) which involve high trains of denial, inflexibility, and numerous attempts to control the relationship (Zelvin, 19 99 14).Codependency from a Feminist PerspectiveWhen the codependency concept first put outd, it described psychological, emotional, and behavioural problems displayed by the supplys, and consequently the children, of alcoholics who unintentionally enabled continuance of the drinking problem rather than facilitating recovery. It replaced the less comprehensive terms co-alcoholic and enabler (Cullen and Carr 1999 505).On a socio-political level, feminist scholars regard codependency as yet another instrument in the oppression of women which fosters a denial of male responsibility (Anderson, 1994 679).This position asserts that when men are noticeably impaired, their female partners must also be labelled sick or pathological to retain the balance of power in the relationship.Lyon and Greenberg highlight some of the symptoms located in codependency literature (1991 436) which includeextreme and unbalanced interpersonal relationshipsinability to endure being alone, combined with frant ic efforts to distract thisconstant and chronic feelings of boredom and worthlessnesstreating ones individual needs as subordinate to the needs of anotheroverpowering desire for approval and affection outdoor(a) referencingdishonesty and deniallow self-worth.Irrespective of whether one truly possesses the qualities of alleged codependency, self-labelling promotes that one take on the characteristics of the label. It encourages examination of ones own behaviour and experiences as indicative of these traits, and to require in conduct which is consistent with the label. George et al. proposed that legitimate psychological trauma or pathology may progress because of well-disposed stigmatisation and the negative stereotypes connected with the label of codependency (1999 40-46).The codependency label tends to oversimplify multifaceted scenarios it prevents change and growth and it denies the uniqueness of a person. As individuals identify themselves with a label, they can assume that treatment centres know everything slightly their family, know about everything that is wrong with them, and know how to bring effective treatment. The codependent label is demoralising for the individual because it implants a fixed and negative understanding of the self and treatment.Krestan and Bepko claim that codependency should be renamed overresponsibility and recognised as a positive impulse gone awry (quoted in Anderson, 1994 682). Overresponsibility for others combined with underresponsibility for the self characterises codependent behaviour. Zelvin contends that codependency must be reassessed as a sequence of convoluted efforts to connect instead of a failure to dissipate (1999 9).The feminist perspective thus offers alternatives to the traditional concept of codependency, and this literature review will discuss overresponsibility and connectedness with reference to the definitions of codependency outlined above.Extension of the Disease Concept of Alcoholism to Codepend encyThe disease model concept has been intensely and cyclically debated for several hundred years. In the 1940s, the disease concept staged a comeback suggesting that alcohol itself was not responsible for any problematic drinking issues. The concept was rapidly adopted by the medical profession, popularised and then spread from America around the world. (Edwards, 2000 96-98). Codependency was popularised in the same way with no scientific validation.Edwards summarised the effects of the alcoholic disease concept (2000 101-102). If crapulence is considered to be a disease, alcohol itself is not the problem. Instead, the unfortunate few were predisposed to contracting the disease. This concept initiated the two population theory which viewed alcoholism as an isolate disease which divided drinkers into two categories alcoholics and social drinkers (Butler 2002 37).The disease concept legitimised medical and clinical treatment. Insurance companies would now pay claims if alcoholism w as diagnosed as a disease. formerly a funding system was put in place which ensured a constant flow of alcoholic patients, it can hardly be coincidence that hospitals became advocates of the disease concept.AA had mother a common treatment method since its inception in the 1930s. This style of treatment then extended to codependency with groups such as Al-Anon being form in the wake of the disease concept. The founder of AA, Bill Wilson, stated we did not wish to get in wrong with the medical profession by pronouncing alcoholism a disease entity. Therefore we always called it an illness or a malady (quoted in Kurtz, unpublished). The Oxford English Dictionary describes the term malady as a disease. Whether Wilsons comment aimed to intentionally mislead or not, it shows that AAs stance on the disease concept is as contentious as the disease concept itself.The disease concept ensured that alcoholics now became the good guys and could be welcomed back into society. Alcoholism was no longer considered a moral problem and alcoholics were no longer considered weak or deviant it was not their fault an uncontrollable disease had engulfed them.In other words, the disease model excuses men from their alcoholism and their corresponding underresponsibility in a relationship. The disease concept of codependency reinforces this belief by claiming that women are sicker than men inflicted with the disease of alcoholism.Women are deemed pathological for reacting with the culturally conditioned feminine response of becoming the over-functioning person in a relationship with an under-functioning person.All of Jellineks data (the main proponent of the disease concept of alcoholism) was based on information obtained from a small group of AA members, of which he eliminated all questionnaires filled out by women because their responses differed immensely from the mens (Fingarette 1988 18-19). From a critical stand focus, Jellineks research was inadequate in proving the disease con cept of alcoholism.In the 1970s, Edwards and Gross proposed the concept of an Alcohol Dependence Syndrome which resulted in a new worldwide Public Health Approach (1976 1058). This has dismantled the disease concept of alcoholism. It is not a disease rather, it is a development of severe dependence.Once the concept was dismantled, treatment for alcoholism changed from a predominantly clinical response to a social, community-based response. By disproving the disease concept of alcoholism, this casts mistrust on the context in which the disease concept of codependency developed.Application of the Disease Concept to obsessive Compulsive DisorderThe codependency model is frequently used with families having one or more chemically dependent or otherwise addicted individuals ( make, 1995 272). Cooper broadened the population and applied this model to families having one or more members with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and accent marked how families conk enablers through no fau lt of their own. Cooper observed the detrimental impact codependency has on their lives, calling relational codependency a dysfunctional behaviour (1995 272).Cooper notes that OCD, like chemical addictions, is all encompassing. Family members become inextricably bound to the suffering individuals illness this manifests in divorce, separation, chemical abuse, and academic problems for young family members.Family members license codependency of those with OCD in a myriad of ways, most often succumbing to the affected individuals requests for rituals. The rituals are often lengthy and time-consuming and significantly disrupt family life (Cooper, 1995 272). For the purposes of her study, Cooper get it ond that codependency was multidimensional, pathological, stress-induced, and, most significantly, a disease. The family dynamics of codependency are the neglect of personal needs, being out of touch with ones own experience, and having a high tolerance for extremely inappropriate beha viour (Cooper, 1995 272). Additional elements of Coopers disease model are feelings of helplessness, shame, depression, and anger.Disease Model Versus Feminist Perspective of OverresponsibilityAsserting that codependency is a disease removes the likelihood that the codependent muliebrity will pursue other, potentially more empowering methods of remedying her situation (Peled and Sacks, 2008 390). According to Anderson, the casual diagnosis of codependency as a disease is harmful to those with other, valid disorders, as they are likely to place all or most of their issues under the umbrella of codependency (1994 678). The disease model articulated by Schaef asserts that codependency has a predictable onset, course, and outcome (1986 7), but she offers insignificant empirical evidence to support this contention.The evidence that supports the disease model focuses on wives or partners of chemically dependent men. The social mechanisms of medicalisation, however, are inordinately harmf ul, effectively controlling women by framing the forms of female resilience as illness (Peled and Sacks, 2008 391). More importantly, the disease model of codependency ignores the so-called codependent person as an individual, failing to acknowledge his or her personal and subjective experiences.There is a complex web of experiences, interpersonal processes, and psychological dynamics that inform womens self-perceptions as being partners of addicted men. In their qualitative study of women living with alcoholic partners, Peled and Sacks discovered certain dominant themes from the results.These were the stance shown by the women the acknowledgement that their husbands issues were deviant and problematic and their reluctance to display a victim mentality, even when they are consistently abused by their husbands (2008 391).This suggests that women who are widely perceived as codependent have much more pressing issues than their codependency. They do not admit being victims of domesti c violence. A common theme in the womens experiences was a prescriptive upbringing, courtship, and marriage that evolved into a relationship with a problematic partner.Though the study did outwardly confirm the tendency for codependent women to feel overly responsible for others whilst taking comparatively less responsibility for their own health and wellness, the feminist critique of the overresponsible and underresponsible paradigm is largely confirmed by this study (Peled and Sacks, 2008 392).The women were clearly socialised to value the needs of others over their own needs, feeling excessive iniquity when investing time or energy in self-care.Given these social norms, women who are in a relationship with an ill or needy partner will inevitably fall into a codependent diagnosis. The disease model of codependency frames ignorance of self-care as automatic and unrecognised yet the results of this study were glaringly inconsistent with that assertion. The participants universally demonstrate awareness of their neglect of personal needs.The researchers recommended that the codependent diagnosis be dismantled. Noting that the participants excessively often believed they were merely an instrument in their husbands addiction, a belief facilitated by codependency theories, Peled and Sacks called for greater focus on personal experience and empowerment when counselling women living with alcoholic partners (2008 395). The goal of treatment, the authors assert, should be geared toward helping women find other paths toward self-fulfilment, beyond the prep of service to others.Sharpe and Taylor conducted a study of how identity variables such as self-esteem and peer relations relate to intimacy issues such as love and codependency in college women who are or have been victims of domestic violence (1999 165). The researchers acknowledge how socially constructed ideas of romance (and the feminine role within that romance) promote selfless devotion to the partner tha t can be considered codependent.The conditions fostered by a disparity between ones self-identity and the achievement of intimacy are also labelled codependent. Aligning virtually with the Peled and Sacks study, these results demonstrate that strength and personal identity are dominant themes in socially embedded female personalities that could easily receive a codependent diagnosis. This counters the disease model of codependency that highlights the affected person as being unable to define themselves in the absence of their partner.Relational Concept of Codependency and the Feminist Application of ConnectednessGender roles are significantly important in the relational model of codependency, though they are only modestly recognised in the empirical literature supporting the relational theories.Aside from feminist criticism of the relational model, studies have asserted that the relational model largely ignores the clement need for connections (Townsend and McWhirter, 2005 191). In short, when individuals do not meet their needs for lasting, functional, social connections, there is a negative impact on the health and wellness of these people, with their entire worldviews being shaped by an absence of interpersonal connection. The resulting separation results in a partial or total lack of social supports. This lack of social support produces numerous negative consequences for the disconnected individual.The relational model construes interpersonal connections as facilitators of codependency (Anderson, 1994 677). Townsend and McWhirter conducted a thorough review of over five hundred studies dating after 1984 containing the word connections in an effort to discredit the notion that human beings aim ultimately to be independent, self-sufficient, and, by extension, socially disconnected (2005 191). Thus, interdependence and communality are positive notions within human developmental literature but become less so during the young adult and later life stages.Town send and McWhirter identified that crucial components of psychological health are the sense of well-being and safety that stems from interpersonal connections, motivation to operate within the boundaries of a relationship, an increased awareness of self-worth stemming from connections, and the desire for additional connections (2005 192). From a cultural perspective, Western discourse places considerably more emphasis on individual autonomy, countering the notion that connectedness is integral to development after childhood.Townsend and McWhirter contend that by definition, codependency has been characterised as a risk factor for individuals and their network of relationships because it suggests that too much connection, or association, with others is psychologically damaging (2005 192). The disease model and Cermaks attempt to include codependency in the DSM-III-R essentially links interpersonal connections to addictions (quoted in Anderson, 1994 677). Codependency literature close ly links connectedness with dysfunction.The loss of connectedness, however, is detrimental to psychological health, rendering relational constructs of codependency not only potentially invalid but also harmful. Significant research by Townsend and McWhirter (2005) indicates that those experiencing bereavement benefit from relational networks. Ironically, the codependent interpersonal connections facilitate healing.Connectedness is defined by a number of interlinked variables, including embeddedness, engagement, companionship, and attachment, all of which emerge to varying degrees in codependency literature. The most empirically valid definition of connectedness reflects active involvement with another person, group, or environment (Ibid 195). This involvement, used positively, should promote comfort, well-being, and the reduction of anxiety. While codependency is rarely framed as positive, it remains that the active connection is the same in connectedness and codependency discourse .Gender Roles and the Feminist Application of ConnectednessThe manner in which the relational literature highlights codependent behaviours as addictions and disease is particularly problematic as these are the same behaviours that are assets in developing interpersonal connections (Townsend and McWhirter 2005 193). Codependent behaviours are just that they are behaviours more indicative of gender-related subordination roles in relationships than they are indicative of a disease. The ignorance of gender roles as a significant informant of codependent behaviours is one of the deepest flaws in the relational codependent literature, as most of the empirical evidence relates to male-female relationships, with the man being chemically dependent and the woman enabling his behaviour through codependent behaviours.The role played by power differentials in the relational literature is a significant one, with far too little credence afforded to the lack of power had by women in heterosexual re lationships.Discussion of gender equality, patriarchy, and a long history of oppression are notably absent from the literature supporting codependency as relational and disease-related (Anderson, 1994 681). The notion of the separate self is dominated by a Western male perspective, challenging the validity of connection-cultivating behaviours.There are fundamental differences in the way women and men engage in their interpersonal relationships. Townsend and McWhirter assert that the central principle in female socialisation is relational connections (2005 195).This principle is comparatively minimal in influencing male socialisation. Conceivably, women tend to both be more connected to others and value that connection more so than men.Overresponsibility and Too Many Definitions of CodependencyThe overresponsibility and underresponsibility paradigm is significant with respect to connectedness as it frames flawed attempts at connection as the prime culprit in birthing codependency thi s is in contrast to the literature that condemns over-connectedness as the foremost catalyst for codependency (Zelvin, 1999 9). utilize a sample of seventy-six male and female undergraduates, Cretser and Lombardo investigated the level of codependency between students having an alcoholic parent and those who did not (1999 629). They hypothesised that children of alcoholics would have a notably higher level of codependency. This hypothesis was glaringly unconfirmed by the study.The participants who had alcoholic parents received lower codependency scores than those with non-alcoholic parents (Cretser and Lombardo 1999 629). These findings are significant in that much of the codependency literature centres on the dysfunction of the relationships marked by the condition.Cretser and Lombardo acknowledged that codependency is thought to originate in dysfunctional families in which children overcompensate for parental inadequacies. They become overresponsible for others and underresponsib le for themselves, and consequently develop an excessive esthesia toward the needs of others (1999 629). Their research findings parallel the previously reviewed literature that cites how a large percentage of the population meets the criteria for codependency (Cretser and Lombardo 1999 629 Lyon and Greenberg, 1991 436).In contrast to the feminist debate regarding codependency, the researchers found that there was no significant variation in codependency according to gender and age. While they use their findings to accuse college counsellors of recognising symptoms of codependency in all students, their findings could also warn of the over-diagnosis of codependency.Anderson, in her 1994 member entitled A Critical Analysis of the Concept of Codependency, contends that the sheer number of diagnoses of codependency precludes the integrity of the codependency diagnosis. The entire Irish nation could be accused of exhibiting codependent traits for being overresponsible in bailing out t he underresponsible banks and thus eligible for codependency treatment. It is alarming that an entire nation should qualify for treatment on the basis of such contentious and over-inclusive symptoms.The Cretser and Lombardo study supports Andersons assertion that codependency is over-diagnosed to the point of invalidity, as even the children of alcoholics the population who comes only a close second to women in abusive relationships in terms of meeting codependency criteria do not demonstrate a significantly higher incidence of the condition.An alternative study focusing on the children of alcoholics highlighted how the codependency model, specifically the disease model, emphasises how children are developmentally impeded from achieving appropriate and normative social functioning due to their parents addiction (Sher, 1997 247). Theoretically, the need to take care of parents during childhood fosters codependency later in life, manifesting most frequently as denial, depression, hy per vigilance, and other patently fragmented characteristics. Sher questions the validity of the concept of codependency and states that studiestend to have serious methodological limitations, examine only a narrow aspect of purported codependent characteristics, and fail to demonstrate whether the concept of codependency has additional explanatory value (1997 247).Shers conclusions align closely with Andersons assertion that women who are deemed codependent are merely applying normative coping behaviours to their situation (1994 680).Fischer and Wampler stress that children of alcoholics consistently emerge as strong individuals who are labelled resilient (1994 469). This is merely a reflection of the limited knowledge regarding the range of forces influencing a childs socialisation and informing his or her experience. For instance, Ferrari and Olivette (1993 963) studied the hypothesis of a link between authoritarian parenting styles and the onset of codependency during adulthood . They concluded that no such link existed.Asher and Brissett wrote the first research-based article on codependency in 1988. The researchers claimed to have spread outn a link between two common dimensions of codependency from the responses of women in their study namely notions of care-taking and pleasing others, and affliction by association with a chemically dependent person.Arguably, the behaviours of care-taking and pleasing others should be attributed to external causes, such as the patriarchal hierarchy that places women in the position of subordination. From this feminist perspective, their study does not prove conclusively that care-taking and pleasing others are symptoms of the codependency concept. The second common feature of codependency, namely the affliction by association with a chemically dependent person is simply a reflection of the sample used in the study. Contrary to how the researchers interpreted these results, this does not prove a link between codependenc y and partners of alcoholics. The women had to be married to an alcoholic for inclusion in this study, and meeting that criterion does not conclusively link the two.Undoubtedly, family systems are comprised of intertwined individuals through which one persons behaviour affects all other family members to a certain degree. The literature suggests, however, that countless factors influence the system.Simple predictions of codependency are insufficient in addressing all issues in families dealing with disorders, addictions, or any other source of obstacles to which the codependency definition is so quickly applied. By extension, the recovery process for codependent families presents a range of problems.Feminist Critique of Codependency as a Psychodynamic ConceptThe feminist perspective of codependency has become the most popular framework for highlighting the flaws in the codependency movement. Behaviours that are widely perceived as codependent are indicative of a subordinate role in a relationship (Herndon, 2001 13).Women play the subordinate role most often in patriarchal cultures. Socially encouraged female conduct is then deemed codependent. Passivity, compliance, lack of initiative, and a fear of asserting oneself are all integral to the codependent disease model and characterise the individual playing the subordinate role in a relationship.The traditional, psy