Comparitive Life Cycle Costing for of a Gasoline and a Hybrid Car

COMPARITIVE LIFE CYCLE COSTING FOR OF A GASOLINE AND A HYBRID CAR Digvesh khot , N bendran Neelagandan ABSTRACT The depletion of the fogey dismisss is emerging as a concern for the whole world. The major ancestors for the consumption of this fossil displace atomic number 18 our fomites that use much of the oil for their operation. The need has been felt to devise the ersatz send away for our vehicles which should be the sustainable election so that it does not endure to the environmental impacts rigorously. The verifiable of the comparative abridgment is to know the feasibility of the crown of thorns gondola political machine against the gas pedal railroad car.The procedure adopted for the comparative epitome is to do support make pass monetary valueing of both the engines by considering the comprise, benefits, maintenance and repairs for both the engines. The slant advance mould was also substantial to analyze the feasibility of both the engines on the grou nds of damage manage safety, comfort, ventings and bonuss. after(prenominal) complemental the comparative analysis the liveliness cycle cost pretence and the pack scoring ride yield the results which were analyzed and the necessary recommendations were do.The results of the comparative analysis revealed that though the Hybrid cars initially cost more, only if if they be get out for more than 20,000 international nautical miles than the total cost per mile is less than the accelerator pedal cars. in uniform manner deliberation sample for both the cars gives more system of weightsage to loanblendization cars in full terms of emissions and incentives. KEYWORDS vitality turn costing, alternative elicits, loanblendizing vehicles, gas engines. LITERATURE criticism Today the major problem the whole world is facing is the depletion of fossil supplys. Most of the vehicles run on these fossil cans.It is estimated that if the consumption of these fossil kindles continues at the equal rate then by the end of 2030 the fossil fuels al suffering for get reduced by 50% of the current value and the prices leave behind increase by $10/ gallon (Kibert, 2008). To over cause this problem a lot of automobile companies atomic number 18 working on the new name of engine which will work on some other source of vigour other than fossil fuels. So hybrid model cars were developed keeping in mind of these problems. The first hybrid car model was developed by Dr Ferdinand Porsche in 1902 using a petrol engine, rotating at a constant speed to drive a ynamo, which charged the accumulators (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). These accumulators feed current to electric rams contained within the hubs of the front wheels. Before this several advancements were made in non- accelerator forces, mainly electric cars (www. wikipedia. com). Such non-gasoline car was invented somewhere rough course of instructions from 1832 and 1839, by Robert Anderson of Scotlan d and his electric carriage (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). After that several car manufactures produce been working on different engineering attainment for a big time and recently hybrid cars were developed (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008).Hybrid cars are vehicles operate by hybrid engines, which are any engine that combines deuce or more sources of agent, generally gasoline and electrimetropolis (Lipman, et. al, 2003). There are two types of gasoline-electric hybrid cars the parallel hybrid, and the series hybrid. Both of these use gasoline-electric hybrid engineering science (Lipman, et. al, 2003). In parallel hybrid cars, the gasoline and electric motors work in concert to move the car forward. In series, the gasoline engine either at once powers an electric motor which in turn powers the vehicle or charges the electric battery that will in turn power the motor(Lipman, et. l, 2003). Both these type of hybrid cars use another technology called Regenerative braking which st ores the kinetic cogency that is created while braking. This energy is stored in a battery which runs the electric motor. (Lipman, et. al, 2003) PROJECT SUMMARY This meet was establish on the life cycle costing and the comparative analysis of the hybrid engines and the petrol engines. The goal of the project was to calculate the total cost of both the engines during their life cycle and to analyze their public presentation and the impacts of environments.The first objective was to develop the life cycle cost model for studying their performance with respect to the annual mileage and the total cost per course of study fagged on both type of cars. The second objective was to develop the weight scoring model for both types of cars to analyze them on the grounds of safety, comfort, emissions, and incentives. Life cycle model for both the cars were developed using the cost components like depreciation, fees and taxes, finance, fuel, insurance, maintenance , and repairs. All the inf o for these cost components for both types of engines were collected from the participation websites and the EPA website.After the collection of these selective information, the life cycle cost model has been employ for calculating the total life cycle cost for hybrid as well as petrol engines. The results were analyzed for both the alternatives and the conclusions were made. Weight scoring model was also developed for the comparative analysis which included the components like safety, comfort, emissions, and the incentives. The relative weights for these components were designate according to the priorities from the consumer point of view. The rating points were also assigned and both the cars were rated according to the aforesaid components.The sources for the data were the company websites and the EPA websites for the emission data was also cited. The results of the Weight scoring model were then analyzed and the lowest conclusions were made. The comparative study for both th e cars revealed that the hybrid cars are more effective in terms of long term usage than the petrol cars. character reference STUDY DESCRIPTION Many car manufactures are working on this hybrid technology to improve the fuel consumption and decrease the emission directs and Honda is one of the leading car manufacturing businesss who collect released different hybrid models into the trade (www. onda. com 11, 2008). One of the models of Honda is The civic Hybrid 2008 which is the latest model which uses hybrid technology for propulsion, which is taken into study (www. honda. com 11, 2008). The Civic Hybrid 2008 uses gasoline and electric power train for the propulsion. The engine is a 1399cc, 4 cylinder aluminum-alloy engine which supplies a power of emailprotected (www. honda. com 11, 2008). The electric motor supplies a maximum of 158 volts (www. honda. com 11, 2008). The functioning of the clay at various stages is different and is explained below.STARTING The car uses an IMA (Integrated motor assist) clay motor to start. If the IMA battery-pack charge is too low or if its very(prenominal) cold outside, the system has a separate battery and starter motor to back it up. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) ACCELERATION When extra acceleration is needed, while passing or climbing up an inclined kingdom, the IMA Systems electric motor adds its torque automatically to the engines to give extra power. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) metropolis CRUISING At steady speeds below 35 mph on level roads and under light throttle, fuel injection is ceased and the car is propelled olely by the electric motor. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) HIGHWAY At toweringer cruising speeds, the gasoline engine provides the power power. The motor has been developed in such a way that it reduces the fuel consumption to particular levels. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) BRAKING The cars IMA System taps the kinetic energy that is produced in the vehicle, when brakes are applied. During that period, the s ystems motor turns itself into a generator, and helps in slowing down the car while at the same time it builds up the energy stored in the batteries. www. honda. com 11, 2008) AT A double back When stopped, the gasoline engine automatically shuts off. When we lift our foot off the brake, and the engine restarts automatically. (www. honda. com 11, 2008) These setups have been made to increase the vehicle performance and make them fuel efficient. The benefits of the refined gasoline electric power train are fuel economy and environment friendly emissions. This vehicle is conscious by surround protection agency (EPA) and passes all the regulation of EPA 2008 for environment.This car is also fit out with the rating of Advanced Technology of Partial Zero Emission fomite (AT-PZEV) which is the most stringent emission standards of United States which in turn is certified by California Air Resource Board (CARB). The technology be new is expensive and the initial cost for hybrid car is h igh as compared to the petrol engine cars. But if compared the life cycle cost is considerably less as compared to petrol engine due to the benefits of low emissions and fuel economy of the hybrid cars. (www. honda. om 11, 2008) The petrol version of 2008 Honda civic taproom which is currently out in the market, is a normal car that runs on a gasoline engine. The engine is a 1799cc aluminum-alloy which produces emailprotected (www. honda. com 11, 2008). Gasoline or petrol engines are basic home(a) combustion engines which run on fickle fuels. They use air and fuel mixed together and a flicker plug which produces the fire for combustion. The energy that is created is used to run the drive sweet calamus which in-turn runs the wheel (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008).Petrol engines were developed by the engineers Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz (both from Germany) in 1885 who both together started the Daimler-Benz car plant (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). Gasoline engines are the wide ly used internal combustion engines which have been under constant improvisation to improve their readiness and to reduce the emission levels from them (www. wikipedia. com 10, 2008). Different industries have been working towards that and Honda is one of the industries who have taken serious steps to reduce the emission levels from normal gasoline engines. www. honda. com 11, 2008) These are the two products for which the life-cycle cost model analysis is going to be created. LIFE CYCLE COST MODEL DESCRIPTION The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) model for comparative analysis of hybrid and the petrol cars was rumpd on side by side(p) cost components Depreciation indemnity Financing Taxes and fees send away Maintenance Repairs The source for development the model was (Shtub, et. al 2005). LCCcars = LCCdepreciation + LCCinsurance+ LCCfinancing+ LCCtaxes and fees+ LCCfuel + LCCmaintenance+ LCCrepairs.The LCC model for car is the summation of the all the cost components which will yield the total life cycle cost (Shtub, et. al 2005). The assumptions that have been made are in terms of time frame and the cost components are as follows 1. season frame The time frame for calculation has been taken as 5 years. All the data for the cost components are based on 5 years. 2. Depreciation it is the value of the vehicle which declines as the vehicle gets older. The age of the vehicle is related to the number of miles it has travelled. For both the cars it the average of 15, 000 miles per year is being considered. 3.Insurance It is the average annual insurance that has been taken into estimate. The premium charged per year for the insurance of the car has been taken from the website of Honda company for the Louisiana state. 4. Financing This is the beguile expense on a loan in the amount of neat market value purchase price + destination charge + base sales tax & initial fees (www. honda. com 11, 2008). The values for these expenses are considered for Louisiana sphere assumi ng the 10% down payment and a loan term of 60 months. 5. Taxes and fees we have included base sales taxes, license and enrolment fees in Louisiana region (www. dmunds. com, 11/2008). 6. dismiss Assuming 45% ride on freeways and 55% control in city we have collected the data for the fuel from www. epa. gov. 7. Maintenance We have considered both the schedule and the unscheduled maintenance in this cost components. 8. Repairs the estimated expenses for repairs that do not come under the manufacturers warranty for five years, is taken as repairs. (www. edmund. com11, 2008) The life cycle costing has been done for three conditions and they are peg down 1 cost component data for ground forces particularize 2 cost component data for Louisiana. go over 3 distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. CHECK LIST MODEL DESCRIPTION The weighing model that has been created has taken into consideration of few factors which are not taken into account by many car owners. Factors like safety, comfort, and emissions do not walkover a significant factor for many people who plan to deprave a car. This motivated us to create the scoring model for these factors. For the Honda civic Dx (2008 model) and Honda civic hybrid (2008, model) safety, comfort, and emissions are taken into account and the relative weights are given.The safety features are good for the in the midsize segment with disc for the front, 4 wheel ABC and the airbags for the head, and side (www. honda. com 11, 2008). But these can be ameliorate to the next level by adding the disc brakes to all the wheels and by increasing the number of airbags. The comfort level is taken into consideration as some people spend more time in the car driving around, so the comfort level plays an important part. The next criteria are the emission levels of the car which is taken into consideration for analyzing the environmental impact of them.The final criteria is the incentive s that are being offered for the buying a hybrid cars. The source for developing the weighing model was (Shtub, et. al 2005). On the basis of the above criteria the weighing model has been developed and the results were analyzed to make conclusions. RESULTS Life cycle costing role model 1 Honda Civic Dx 4 door Sedan hold in 1 cost component data for the States Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 15, 810. Owner enchant 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 10,112 Fees and taxes 730 pay 2331 go off9945 Insurance8348 Maintenance1720 Repairs643Total life cycle cost37645 descent The miles drive are kept constant and the values are tabulated for USA stem www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data still for the fuel data. www. epa. gov fuel data. Condition 2 cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 15, 810. Owner transfer 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 9002 Fees and taxes 1407 Finance 2963 Fuel8478 Insurance10119 Maintenance2934 Repairs625 Total life cycle cost35528 placard the above values are taken for Louisiana region reference point www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Condition 3 distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 15, 810. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner broadcast 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 8851 Fees and taxes 1194 Finance 2405 Fuel6568 Insurance6759 Maintenance1176 Repairs564 chance cost2999 Total life cycle cost30, 518 stemma the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 1, for 15,000 miles is $. 48, and for 20,000 miles $0. 46. artificial lake www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov- Fuel data. Model 2 Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan Condition 1 cost component data for USA Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 22, 600. Owner place 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 11993 Fees and taxes 1974 Finance 4117 Fuel6155 Insurance10622 Maintenance2932 Repairs625 Total life cycle cost38478 Note The miles driven are kept constant and the values are tabulated for USA Source www. utochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov Fuel data. Condition 2 cost component data for Louisiana. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 22,600. Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 13128 Fees and taxes 511 Finance 3331 Fuel6846 Insurance9252 Maintenance1920 Opportunity cost3857 Repairs679 Total life cycle cost39525 Note the above values are taken for Louisiana region Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost compo nent data except for the fuel data. ww. epa. gov fuel data. Condition 3 Distance travelled is 10, 000 miles with a 55% driving in city and 45% driving on freeways. Maximum or manufacturers suggestion retail price $ 22, 600. The car has driven for 10,000 miles (55% city and 45% freeways) Owner ship 1-5 years. Cost componentsCost ($) Depreciation 12189 Fees and taxes 1157 Finance 3615 Fuel4536 Insurance7491 Maintenance1402 Repairs596 Opportunity cost3212 Total life cycle cost34198 Note the cost per mile for 10,000 miles is $. 68, for 15,000 miles is $. 51, and for 20,000 miles $0. 47. Source www. autochannel. om, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for cost component data except for the fuel data. www. epa. gov Fuel data. Sensitivity analysis The data used for sensitivity analysis was miles per year travelled and the increment taken for it was 5000. For Model 1 Honda Civic Dx 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100000. 61www. epa. gov 150000. 48www. epa. gov 20000 0. 46www. epa. gov 250000. 47www. epa. gov For Model 2 Honda Civic hybrid 4 door Sedan No of milesCost per mile($)Data source 100000. 68www. epa. gov 150000. 51www. epa. gov 200000. 47www. epa. gov 50000. 45www. epa. gov The initial cost for the petrol engine may be less than the hybrid cars that after 20000 miles of running hybrid cars are more fuel efficient than the petrol engines. After performing the sensitivity analysis we notice that initially the cost per mile for petrol is less than the hybrid cars, but as you increase the number of miles after 20,000 miles hybrid cars become more fuel efficient. The breakeven point on the sensitivity graph shows the changing reputation of fuel efficiency for hybrid cars and petrol cars. Weight scoring rule (Shtub, et. al 2005).Weighing model for Honda civic DX 2008 For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer. CriteriaRelative weightExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(as sumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor score safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v2 emissions. 4v2 incentives. 1v0 total1. 0010 Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. Weighing model for Honda civic hybrid 2008 For all criteria and the relative weight the values are assumed according to the priority of consumer.CriteriaRelative weightExcellent 30(assumed)Good 20(assumed)Fair 10(assumed)Poor 0(assumed)Factor score safety. 3v6 Comfort. 2v4 emissions. 412 incentives. 1v3 total1. 00v25 Source www. autochannel. com, www. honda. com, and www. edmunds. com for criteria data except the fuel data and www. epa. gov for fuel data. The weighing score model shows that for hybrid cars the factor score is more than the petrol car and the reason is the hybrid cars are more emission free than the petrol car, also the criteria of the incentive for hybrid car makes it more preferable for the customers.The hybrid cars have a 25 -100% federal tax credit which could move people towards buying the hybrid cars which are environmentally friendly as compared to petrol (www. honda. com 11/2008) . Conclusions After carrying out the life cycle costing, sensitivity analysis, and the weight scoring the following conclusions can be reached Though the petrol cars are cheaper than the hybrid cars but the life cycle cost of hybrid cars after 20,000 miles makes it the better option. callable to the depletion of fossil fuels, petrol cars do not serve to be the better option. Hybrid cars produced less emission than the petrol engines so they are environmentally friendly cars which makes them a sustainable product. 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